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LacusCurtius • Ad&nbsp;Herennium — Book&nbsp;IV, 47‑69
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IV.<span class="small">19‑46</span>
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This webpage reproduces part of
<br>
a complete English translation of the
<br>
<span class="bold larger">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
<br>
published in the
Loeb Classical Library,
<br>
1954
</p><p class="center">
The text is in the public domain.
</p><p class="center">
This page has been carefully proofread
<br>
and I&nbsp;believe it to be free of errors.
<br>
If you find a mistake though,
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<h2 class="start2">
<span class="green">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
</h2>
<h1>
<a id="p347"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p347&nbsp;</span></a>
Book&nbsp;IV
</h1>
<p class="start small kaput justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R34">[34]</a>
<a class="sec" name="46">[46]</a>&nbsp;This is substantially all
I&nbsp;have thought it necessary to say on the Figures of Diction. Now
the subject itself directs me to turn next to the Figures of Thought.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R35">35</a>
<a id="distribution"></a>
<a class="sec" name="47">47</a>&nbsp;Distribution​<a class="ref" id="ref1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a> occurs when certain specified rôles are assigned among a&nbsp;number of things or persons,​<a class="ref" id="ref2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
as follows: "Whoever of you, men of the jury, loves the good name of
the Senate, must hate this man, for his attacks upon that body have
always been most insolent. Whoever of you wishes the equestrian order​<a class="ref" id="ref3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
to be most resplendent in the state, must want this person to have paid
the severest penalty, so that he may not be, through his personal
shame, a stain and disgrace to a most honourable order. You who have
parents, must prove by your punishment of this creature that un­<span class="whole">dutiful</span>
men do not find favour with you. You who have children, must set forth
an example to show how great are the punishments that have been provided
in our state for men of that stamp." Again, "The Senate's function is
to assist the state with counsel; the magistracy's is to execute, by
diligent activity, the Senate's will; the people's to choose and support
by its votes the best measures and the most suitable men." Again, "The
duty of the prosecutor is to bring the charges; that of the counsel for
the defence to explain them away and rebut them; that
<a id="p349"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p349&nbsp;</span></a>of the witness to say what he knows or has heard;​<a class="ref" id="ref4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
that of the presiding justice to hold each of these to his duty.
Therefore, Lucius Cassius, if you allow a witness to argue and to attack
by means of conjecture, passing beyond what he knows or has heard, you
will be confusing the rights of a prosecutor with those of a witness,
you will be encouraging the partiality of a dishonest witness, and you
will be ordaining for the defendant that he defend himself twice."​<a class="ref" id="ref5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
This figure has richness, for it embraces much in little and, by
assigning to each his duty, severally distinguishes a&nbsp;number of
entities.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R36">36</a>
<a id="frankness_of_speech"></a>
<a class="sec" name="48">48</a>&nbsp;It is Frankness of Speech​<a class="ref" id="ref6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
when, talking before those to whom we owe reverence or fear, we yet
exercise our right to speak out, because we seem justified in
reprehending them, or persons dear to them, for some fault. For example:
"You wonder, fellow citizens, that every one abandons your interests?
That no one undertakes your cause? That no one declares himself your
defender? Blame this upon yourselves; cease to wonder. Why indeed should
not every one avoid and shun this situation of your making? Bethink
yourselves of those whom you have had for defenders; set their devotion
before your eyes, and next consider what has become of them all. Then
remember that thanks to your — to speak aright — indifference, or
cowardice rather, all these men have been murdered before your eyes, and
<a id="p351"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p351&nbsp;</span></a>thanks to your own votes their enemies have reached the highest estate."​<a class="ref" id="ref7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
Again: "Now what was your motive, men of the jury, in hesitating to
pass sentence on this abominable man, or in allowing him a new trial?​<a class="ref" id="ref8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
Were not the facts charged as plain as day? Were they not all proved by
witnesses? Was not the answer, on the other hand, feeble and trifling?
Did you at this point fear that in condemning him at the first hearing
you would be considered cruel? While avoiding a reproach for cruelty,
which you would have been far from incurring, you have incurred another
reproach — you are considered timid and cowardly. You have met with very
great losses, private and public, and now when even greater losses seem
to impend, you sit and yawn. During the day you wait for night, at
night you wait for day. Every day some troublesome and unpleasant news
is announced — yet even now will you temporize longer with the author of
these our ills, and nourish him for the destruction of the republic;
will you keep him in the commonwealth as long as you can?"
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R37">37</a>
<a class="sec" name="49">49</a>&nbsp;If Frank Speech of this sort seems
too pungent, there will be many means of palliation, for one may
immediately thereafter add something of this sort: "I&nbsp;here appeal
to your virtue, I&nbsp;call on your wisdom, I&nbsp;bespeak your old
habit," so that praise may quiet the feelings aroused by the frankness.
As a result, the praise frees the hearer from wrath and annoyance, and
the frankness deters him from error. This precaution in speaking, as in
<a id="p353"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p353&nbsp;</span></a>friendship,
if taken at the right place, is especially effective in keeping the
hearers from error and in presenting us, the speakers, as friendly both
to the hearers and to the truth.
</p><p class="justify">
There is also a certain kind of frankness in speaking which is achieved
by a craftier device, when we remonstrate with the hearers as they wish
us to remonstrate with them, or when we say "we fear how the audience
may think" something which we know they all will hear with acceptance,
"yet the truth moves us to say it none the less."​<a class="ref" id="ref9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
I&nbsp;shall add examples of both these kinds. Of the former, as
follows: "Fellow citizens, you are of too simple and gentle a character;
you have too much confidence in every one. You think that every one
strives to perform what he has promised you. You are mistaken, and now
for a long time you have been kept back by false and groundless hope, in
your fatuity choosing to seek from others what lay in your power,
rather than take it yourselves."​<a class="ref" id="ref10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
Of the latter kind of Frank Speech the following will be an example:
"I&nbsp;enjoyed a friendship with this person, men of the jury, yet of
that friendship — although I&nbsp;fear how you are going to receive what
I&nbsp;shall say, I&nbsp;will yet say it — you have deprived me. Why?
Because, in order to win your approval, I&nbsp;have preferred to
consider your assailant as an enemy rather than as a friend."
</p><p class="justify" id="p355"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p355&nbsp;</span>
<a class="sec" name="50">50</a>&nbsp;Thus this figure called Frankness
of Speech will, as I&nbsp;have shown, be handled in two ways: with
pungency, which, if too severe, will be mitigated by praise; and with
reticence, discussed above, which does not require mitigation, because
it assumes the guise of Frank Speech and is of itself agreeable to the
hearer's frame of mind.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R38">38</a>
Understatement​<a class="ref" id="ref11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
occurs when we say that by nature, fortune, or diligence, we or our
clients possess some exceptional advantage, and, in order to avoid the
impression of arrogant display, we moderate and soften the statement of
it, as follows: "This, men of the jury, I&nbsp;have the right to say —
that, by labour and diligence I&nbsp;have contrived to be no laggard in
the mastery of military science." If the speaker had here said "be the
best" he might have spoken the truth, but would have seemed arrogant. He
has now said quite enough both to avoid envy and to secure praise.
Again: "Was it then because of avarice or of need that he entered upon
the crime? Avarice? But he was most generous to his friends, and that is
a sign of generosity, a virtue opposed to avarice. Need? But his father
left him a patrimony that was — I&nbsp;do not wish to exaggerate — not
the smallest."​<a class="ref" id="ref12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
Here again, calling the patrimony "large" or "very large" was avoided.
This, then, is the precaution we shall take in setting forth the
exceptional advantages which we or our clients enjoy. For
<a id="p357"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p357&nbsp;</span></a>things of
this sort, if you handle them indiscreetly, in life provoke jealousy and
in a speech antipathy. Therefore just as by circumspection we escape
jealousy in life, so by prudence we avoid antipathy in speaking.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R39">39</a>
<a class="sec" name="51">51</a>&nbsp;Vivid Description​<a class="ref" id="ref13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a>
is the name for the figure which contains a clear, lucid, and
impressive exposition of the consequences of an act, as follows: "But,
men of the jury, if by your votes you free this defendant, immediately,
like a lion released from his cage, or some foul beast loosed from his
chains,​<a class="ref" id="ref14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a> he will slink and prowl about in the forum,​<a class="ref" id="ref15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
sharpening his teeth to attack every one's property, assaulting every
man, friend and enemy, known to him or unknown, now despoiling a good
name, now attacking a life, now bringing ruin upon a house and its
entire household, shaking the republic from its foundations. Therefore,
men of the jury, cast him out from the state, free every one from fear,
and finally, think of yourselves. For if you release this creature
without punishment, believe me, gentlemen, it is against yourselves that
you will have let loose a wild and savage beast."
</p><p class="justify">
Again: "For if you inflict a heavy penalty upon the defendant, men of
the jury, you will at once by a single judgement have taken many lives.
His aged father, who has set the entire hope of his last years on this
young man, will have no reason for wishing to stay alive. His small
children, deprived of their father's aid, will be exposed as objects of
scorn and contempt to their father's enemies. His entire household will
collapse under this undeserved
<a id="p359"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p359&nbsp;</span></a>calamity.
But his enemies, when once they have won the bloody palm by the most
cruel of victories, will exult over the miseries of these unfortunates,
and will be found insolent on the score of deeds as well as of words."
</p><p class="justify">
Again: "For none of you, fellow citizens, fails to see what miseries
usually follow upon the capture of a city. Those who have borne arms
against the victors are forthwith slain with extreme cruelty. Of the
rest, those who by reason of youth and strength can endure hard labour
are carried off into slavery, and those who cannot are deprived of life.
In short, at one and the same time a house blazes up by the enemy's
torch, and they whom nature or free choice has joined in the bonds of
kinship or of sympathy are dragged apart. Of the children, some are torn
from their parents' arms, others murdered on their parents' bosom,
still others violated at their parents' feet. No one, men of the jury,
can, by words, do justice to the deed, nor reproduce in language the
magnitude of the disaster."<a class="ref" id="ref16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
</p><p class="justify">
With this kind of figure either indignation or pity can be aroused, when
the consequences of an act, taken together as a whole, are concisely
set forth in a clear style.
</p><p class="justify" id="p361"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p361&nbsp;</span>
<a class="chapter" name="R40">40</a>
<a class="sec" name="52">52</a>&nbsp;Division​<a class="ref" id="ref17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
separates the alternatives of a question and resolves each by means of a
reason subjoined, as follows: "Why should&nbsp;I now reproach you in
any way? If you are an upright man, you have not deserved reproach; if a
wicked man, you will be unmoved." Again: "Why should&nbsp;I now boast
of my deserts? If you remember them, I&nbsp;shall weary you; if you have
forgotten them, have been ineffective in action, and therefore what
could&nbsp;I effect by words?" Again: "There are two things which can
urge men to illicit gain: poverty and greed. That you were greedy in the
division with your brother we know, that you are poor and destitute we
now see. How, therefore, can you show that you had no motive for the
crime?" There is the following difference between the present kind of
Division and that other which forms the third part of a discourse, and
which I&nbsp;treated in Book&nbsp;I,​<a class="ref" id="ref18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
next after Statement of Facts: the former Division operates through the
Enumeration or Exposition of the topics to be discussed throughout the
whole discourse; whereas here the Division at once unfolds itself, and
by briefly adding the reasons for the two or more parts, embellishes the
style.
</p><p class="justify">
Accumulation​<a class="ref" id="ref19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
occurs when the points scattered throughout the whole cause are
collected in one place so as to make the speech more impressive or sharp
or accusatory, as follows: "From what vice, I&nbsp;ask, is this
defendant free? What ground have you for wishing to acquit him of the
suit? He is the betrayer of his own <span class="whole">self-respect</span>, and the waylayer of
<a id="p363"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p363&nbsp;</span></a>the <span class="whole">self-respect</span> of others; covetous, intemperate<span class="emend">,</span> irascible, arrogant; disloyal to his parents, ungrateful to his friends, troublesome to his kin; insulting to his betters, <span class="whole">disdain</span>­ful of his equals and mates, cruel to his inferiors; in short he is intolerable to every one."
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="53">53</a>&nbsp;Of the same kind is that other
Accumulation, which is very useful in city council cases, when the
implications, which were petty and weak because expressed separately,
are collected in one place and so seem to make the subject evident and
not dubious,​<a class="ref" id="ref20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a> as follows:​<a class="ref" id="ref21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
"Do not, therefore, men of the jury, do not consider singly the things
I&nbsp;have said, but join them all together and combine them into one.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R41">41</a>
"If the defendant profited from the victim's death; if also his life is
full of dishonour, his heart most avaricious, and his family fortune
very meagre; and if that crime benefited no one but him;​<a class="ref" id="ref22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
and if no one else could have done the deed with equal skill, or he
himself could not have done it by methods more apt; if he neglected
nothing that was necessary for the crime, and did nothing that was not
necessary; and if he not only sought the most suitable place, but also a
favourable occasion for entering upon the crime, and the most opportune
moment for undertaking it; if he spent the longest period of time in
executing it, and not without the greatest hope of concealing and
completing it; and besides, if, before the victim was murdered, the
defendant was seen, alone, in the place in which the murder was
committed; if soon afterward, during the very
<a id="p365"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p365&nbsp;</span></a>commission
of the crime, the voice of the victim was heard; if it is established
that then, after the murder, the defendant returned home, at dead of
night; that on the next day he spoke of the man's murder haltingly and
inconsistently​<a class="ref" id="ref23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a> — if all these indications are proved, partly by witnesses, and partly by the confessions upon torture​<a class="ref" id="ref24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
which have been adduced in confirmation, and by public opinion, which,
born of evidence, must necessarily be true; then, gentlemen, it is your
duty to gather all these indications into one, and arrive at definite
knowledge, not suspicion, of the crime. To be sure, some one or two of
these things can by chance have happened in such a way as to throw
suspicion upon this defendant; but for everything to coincide from first
to last, he must have been a participant in the crime. This cannot be
the result of chance." This figure has force, and in a city council
issue is almost always essential; in the other types of causes and
indeed in all discourse it is to be used occasionally.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R42">42</a>
<a id="refining"></a>
<a class="sec" name="54">54</a>&nbsp;Refining​<a class="ref" id="ref25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
consists in dwelling on the same topic and yet seeming to say something
ever new. It is accomplished in two ways: by merely repeating the same
idea, or by descanting upon it. We shall not repeat the same thing
precisely — for that, to be sure, would weary the hearer and not refine
the idea — but with changes. Our changes will be of three kinds: in the
words, in the delivery, and in the treatment.
</p><p class="justify">
Our changes will be verbal when, having expressed the idea once, we repeat it once again or oftener in
<a id="p367"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p367&nbsp;</span></a>other,
equivalent terms, as follows: "No peril is so great that a wise man
would think it ought to be avoided when the safety of the fatherland is
at stake. When the lasting security of the state is in question, the man
endowed with good principles will undoubtedly believe that in defence
of the fortunes of the republic he ought to shun no crisis of life, and
he will ever persist in the determination eagerly to enter, for the
fatherland, any combat, however great the peril to life."
</p><p class="justify">
Our changes will reside in the delivery if now in the tone of
conversation, now in an energetic tone, and now in variation after
variation of voice and gesture, repeating the same ideas in different
words, we also change the delivery quite strikingly. This cannot be
described with complete effectiveness, and yet it is clear enough. Hence
there is no need of illustration.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="55">55</a>&nbsp;The third kind of change,
accomplished in the treatment, will take place if we transfer the
thought into the form of Dialogue or into the form of Arousal.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R43">43</a>
Dialogue — which I&nbsp;shall soon more fully discuss in its place​<a class="ref" id="ref26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
and shall now touch upon briefly, as far as may be sufficient for the
present purpose — consists in putting in the mouth of some person
language in keeping with his character, as follows (for the sake of
greater clarity, to continue the same theme as above): "The wise man
will think that for the common weal he ought to undergo every peril.​<a class="ref" id="ref27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a> Often he will say to himself:​<a class="ref" id="ref28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a> 'Not for self alone was&nbsp;I born, but also, and much more, for the fatherland.<a class="ref" id="ref29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
<a id="p369"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p369&nbsp;</span></a>Above all,
let me spend my life, which I&nbsp;owe to fate, for the salvation of my
country. She has nourished me. She has in safety and honour reared me
even to this time of life. She has protected my interests by good laws,
the best of customs, and a most honourable training. How can&nbsp;I
adequately repay her from whom I&nbsp;have received these blessings?'
According as the wise man often says this to himself, when the republic
is in danger, he on his part will shun no danger."
</p><p class="justify">
Again, the idea is changed in the treatment by means of a transfer to the form of Arousal,​<a class="ref" id="ref30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
when not only we ourselves seem to speak under emotion, but we also
stir the hearer, thus: "Who is possessed of reasoning power so feeble,
whose soul is bound in such straits of envy, that he would not heap
eager praise upon this man and judge him most wise, a man who for the
salvation of the fatherland, the security of the state, and the
prosperity of the republic eagerly undertakes and gladly undergoes any
danger, no matter how great or terrible? <a class="sec" name="56">56</a>&nbsp;For
my part, my desire to praise this man adequately is greater than my
power to do so, and I&nbsp;am sure that this feeling of inadequacy is
shared by all of you."
</p><p class="justify">
The theme, then, will be varied in speaking in these three ways: in the
words, in the delivery, in the treatment. In the treatment we shall vary
the theme by two means: by Dialogue and by Arousal.
</p><p class="justify">
But when we descant upon the same theme, we shall use a great many
variations. Indeed, after having expressed the theme simply, we can
subjoin the Reason, and then express the theme in another form, with or
without the Reasons;​<a class="ref" id="ref31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a> next we can present the Contrary​<a class="ref" id="ref32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a> (all this I&nbsp;have discussed under
<a id="p371"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p371&nbsp;</span></a>Figures of Diction); then a Comparison and an Example (about these I&nbsp;shall say more in their place);​<a class="ref" id="ref33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a> <a class="chapter" name="R44">44</a>&nbsp;and finally the Conclusion (the essential details of which were discussed in Book&nbsp;II,​<a class="ref" id="ref34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a> when I&nbsp;showed how one should bring arguments to a close; in this Book​<a class="ref" id="ref35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
I&nbsp;have explained the nature of that figure of diction which is
called Conclusion). A&nbsp;Refinement of this sort, which will consist
of numerous figures of diction and of thought, can therefore be
exceedingly ornate.
</p><p class="a0 justify">
The following, then, will illustrate a treatment in seven parts — to
continue the use of the same theme for my example, in order that you may
know how easily, by the precepts of rhetoric, a simple idea is
developed in a multiple manner:​<a class="ref" id="ref36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify">
<a class="sec" name="57">57</a>&nbsp;"The wise man will, on the republic's behalf, shun no peril,​<a class="ref" id="ref37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
because it may often happen that if a man has been loath to perish for
his country it will be necessary for him to perish with her. Further,
since it is from our country that we receive all our advantages, no
disadvantage incurred on her behalf is to be regarded as severe.​<a class="ref" id="ref38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify">
"I&nbsp;say, then, that they who flee from the peril to be undergone on behalf of the republic act foolishly,​<a class="ref" id="ref39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a> for they cannot avoid the disadvantages, and are found guilty of ingratitude towards the state.​<a class="ref" id="ref40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify">
"But on the other hand they who, with peril to themselves, confront the
perils of the fatherland, are to be considered wise, since they render
to their country the homage due her, and prefer to die for
<a id="p373"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p373&nbsp;</span></a>many of
their fellow citizens instead of with them. It is extremely unjust to
give back to nature, when she compels, the life you have received from
nature, and not to give to your country, when she calls for it, the life
you have preserved thanks to your country;​<a class="ref" id="ref41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
and when you can die for fatherland with the greatest manliness and
honour, to prefer to live in disgrace and cowardice; and when you are
willing to face danger for friends and parents and your other kin, to
refuse to run the risk for the republic, which embraces all these and
that most holy name of fatherland as well.​<a class="ref" id="ref42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify">
"He who in a voyage prefers his own to his vessel's security, deserves
contempt. No less blameworthy is he who in a crisis of the republic
consults his own in preference to the common safety. For from the wreck
of a ship many of those on board escape unharmed, but from the wreck of
the fatherland no one can swim to safety.​<a class="ref" id="ref43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify">
"It is this that, in my opinion, Decius​<a class="ref" id="ref44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
well understood, who is said to have devoted himself to death, and, in
order to save his legions, to have plunged into the midst of the enemy.
He gave up his life, but did not throw it away; for at the cost of a
very cheap good he redeemed a sure good, of a small good the greatest
good. He gave his life, and received his country in exchange. He lost
his life, and gained glory, which, transmitted with highest praise,
shines more and more every day as time goes on.​<a class="ref" id="ref45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
</p><p class="m1 i1 a0 b0 justify" id="p375"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p375&nbsp;</span>
"But if reason has shown and illustration confirmed that it is fitting
to confront danger in defence of the republic, they are to be esteemed
wise who do not shrink from any peril when the security of the
fatherland is at stake."<a class="ref" id="ref46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="58">58</a>&nbsp;It is of these types, then, that
Refining consists. I&nbsp;have been led to discuss it at rather great
length because it not only gives force and distinction to the speech
when we plead a cause, but it is by far our most important means of
training for skill in style. It will be advantageous therefore to
practise the principles of Refining in exercises divorced from a real
cause, and in actual pleading to put them to use in the Embellishment of
an argument, which I&nbsp;discussed in Book&nbsp;II.<a class="ref" id="ref47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R45">45</a>
Dwelling on the Point​<a class="ref" id="ref48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
occurs when one remains rather long upon, and often returns to, the
strongest topic on which the whole cause rests. Its use is particularly
advantageous, and is especially characteristic of the good orator, for
no opportunity is given the hearer to remove his attention from this
strongest topic. I&nbsp;have been unable to subjoin a quite appropriate
example​<a class="ref" id="ref49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a> of the figure, because this topic is not isolated from the whole cause like some limb, but like blood​<a class="ref" id="ref50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a> is spread through the whole body of the discourse.
</p><p class="justify" id="p377"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p377&nbsp;</span>
Through Antithesis contraries will meet. As I&nbsp;have explained above, it belongs either among the figures of diction,​<a class="ref" id="ref51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
as in the following example: "You show yourself conciliatory to your
enemies, inexorable to your friends"; or among the figures of thought,
as in the following example: "While you deplore the troubles besetting
him, this knave rejoices in the ruin of the state. While you despair of
your fortunes, this knave alone grows all the more confident in his
own." Between these two kinds of Antithesis there is this difference:
the first consists in a rapid opposition of words; in the other opposing
thoughts ought to meet in a comparison.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="59">59</a>&nbsp;Comparison​<a class="ref" id="ref52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
is a manner of speech that carries over an element of likeness from one
thing to a different thing. This is used to embellish or prove or
clarify or vilify. Furthermore, corresponding to these four aims, it has
four forms of presentation: Contrast, Negation, Detailed Parallel,
Abridged Comparison. To each single aim in the use of Comparison we
shall adapt the corresponding form of presentation.
</p><p class="justify" id="Comparison_by_contrast">
<a class="chapter" name="R46">46</a>
In the form of a contrast, in order to embellish, Comparison is used as
follows: "Unlike what happens in the palaestra, where he who receives
the flaming torch is swifter in the relay race than he who hands it on,
the new general who receives command of an army is not superior to the
general who retires from its command. For in the one case it is an
exhausted runner who hands the torch to a fresh athlete, whereas in this
it is an experienced commander who hands over the army to an
inexperienced." This could have been expressed quite
<a id="p379"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p379&nbsp;</span></a>simply,
clearly, and plausibly without the Comparison, as follows: "They say
that usually it is inferior generals who take over the command of armies
from superior." But the Comparison is used for embellishment, so as to
secure a certain distinction for the style. It is moreover presented in
the form of a contrast. For a Comparison in the form of a contrast is
used when we deny that something else is like the thing we are asserting
to be true.
</p><p class="justify" id="Comparison_by_negation">
In the form of a negation and for the purpose of proof, Comparison will
be used as follows: "Neither can an untrained horse, however well-built
by nature, be fit for the services desired of a horse, nor can an
uncultivated man, however <span class="whole">well-endowed</span> by nature, attain to virtue."​<a class="ref" id="ref53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
This idea has been rendered more plausible, for it becomes easier to
believe that virtue cannot be secured without culture, when we see that
not even a horse can be serviceable if untrained. Thus the Comparison is
used for the purpose of proof, and moreover is presented in the form of
a negation, as is clear from the first word of the Comparison.
</p><p class="justify" id="Comparison_for_clarity">
<a class="chapter" name="R47">47</a>
<a class="sec" name="60">60</a>&nbsp;A&nbsp;comparison will be used also
for greater clarity — the presentation being in abridged form — as
follows: "In maintaining a friendship, as in a&nbsp;foot-race, you must
train yourself not only so that you succeed in running as far as is
required, but so that, extending yourself by will and sinew, you easily
run beyond that point." Indeed this Comparison serves to make more
obvious the poor reasoning evinced by the detractors of those who, for
example, are
<a id="p381"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p381&nbsp;</span></a>protectors
of a friend's children after his death; for a runner ought to have
enough speed to carry him beyond the goal, and a friend so much good
will that in the devotion of friendship he may reach even beyond what
his friend is capable of perceiving. The Comparison is moreover
presented in abridged form, for one term is not detached from the other
as in the other form, but the two are conjoined and intermingled in the
presentation.
</p><p class="justify" id="Comparison_for_vividness">
A&nbsp;Comparison will be used for vividness, and be set forth in the form of a detailed parallel,​<a class="ref" id="ref54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a> as follows: "Let us imagine a player on the lyre​<a class="ref" id="ref55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a> who has presented himself on the stage, magnificently garbed, clothed in a <span class="whole">gold-embroidered</span>
robe, with purple mantle interlaced in various colours, wearing a
golden crown illumined with large gleaming jewels, and holding a lyre
covered with golden ornaments and set off with ivory. Further, he has a
personal beauty, presence, and stature that impose dignity. If, when by
these means he has roused a great expectation in the public, he should
in the silence he has created suddenly give utterance to a rasping
voice, and this should be accompanied by a repulsive gesture, he is the
more forcibly thrust off in derision and scorn, the richer his adornment
and the higher the hopes he has raised. In the same way, a man of high
station, endowed with great and opulent resources, and abounding in all
the gifts of fortune and the emoluments of nature, if he yet lacks
virtue and the arts that teach virtue, will so much the more forcibly in
derision and scorn be cast from all association with good men, the
richer he is in the other advantages, the greater his distinction, and
the higher the hopes he has raised." This Comparison, by embellishing
both
<a id="p383"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p383&nbsp;</span></a>terms,
bringing into relation by a method of parallel description the one man's
ineptitude and the other's lack of cultivation, has set the subject
vividly before the eyes of all. Moreover the Comparison is presented in
the form of a detailed parallel because, once the similitude has been
set up, all like elements are related.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R48">48</a>
<a class="sec" name="61">61</a>&nbsp;In Comparisons we must carefully
see to it that when we present the corresponding idea for the sake of
which we have introduced the figure we use words suited to the likeness.
The following is an example: "Just as when the swallows are with us in
summer time, and when driven by the frost retire,&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;."
Keeping the same comparison, and using Metaphor, we now say: "so false
friends are with us in a peaceful season of our life, and as soon as
they have seen the winter of our fortune, they fly away, one and all."
But the invention of Comparisons will be easy if one can frequently set
before one's eyes everything animate and inanimate, mute and articulate,
wild and tame, of the earth, sky, and sea, wrought by art, chance, or
nature, ordinary or unusual, and can amongst these hunt out some
likeness which is capable of embellishing or proving or clarifying or
vivifying. The resemblance between the two things need not apply
throughout, but must hold on the precise point of comparison.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R49">49</a>
<a class="sec" name="62">62</a>&nbsp;Exemplification​<a class="ref" id="ref56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a> is the citing of something done or said in the past, along with the definite naming of the doer or author. It is used with the
<a id="p385"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p385&nbsp;</span></a>same
motives as a Comparison. It renders a thought more brilliant when used
for no other purpose than beauty; clearer, when throwing more light upon
what was somewhat obscure; more plausible, when giving the thought
greater verisimilitude; more vivid, when expressing everything so
lucidly that the matter can, I&nbsp;may almost say, be touched by the
hand. I&nbsp;would have added individual specimens of each type
had&nbsp;I not under Refining demonstrated the nature of
Exemplification,​<a class="ref" id="ref57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a> and, under Comparison, made clear the motives for its use.​<a class="ref" id="ref58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
Therefore I&nbsp;have been unwilling to make my discussion of it either
too brief for it to be understood, or too long once it is understood.
</p><p class="justify">
Simile​<a class="ref" id="ref59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
is the comparison of one figure with another, implying a certain
resemblance between them. This is used either for praise or censure. For
praise, as follows: "He entered the combat in body like the strongest
bull, in impetuosity like the fiercest lion."​<a class="ref" id="ref60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a> For censure, so as to excite hatred, as follows: "That wretch who daily glides through
<a id="p387"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p387&nbsp;</span></a>the middle of the Forum like a crested serpent, with curved fangs, poisonous glance,​<a class="ref" id="ref61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a>
and fierce panting, looking about him on this side and that for some
one to blast with venom from his throat — to smear it with his lips, to
drive it in with his teeth, to spatter it with his tongue." To excite
envy, as follows: "That creature who flaunts his riches, loaded and
weighed down with gold, shouts and raves like a Phrygian <span class="whole">eunuch-priest</span> of Cybele​<a class="ref" id="ref62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
or like a soothsayer." To excite contempt, as follows: "That creature,
who like a snail silently hides and keeps himself in his shell, is
carried off, he and his house, to be swallowed whole."
</p><p class="justify" id="portrayal">
<a class="sec" name="63">63</a>&nbsp;Portrayal​<a class="ref" id="ref63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
consists in representing and depicting in words clearly enough for
recognition the bodily form of some person, as follows: "I&nbsp;mean
him, men of the jury, the ruddy, short, bent man, with white and rather
curly hair, blue-grey eyes, and a huge scar on his chin, if perhaps you
can recall him to memory." This figure is not only serviceable, if you
should wish to designate some person, but also graceful, if fashioned
with brevity and clarity.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R50">50</a>
<a id="character_delineation"></a>
Character Delineation​<a class="ref" id="ref64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
consists in describing a person's character by the definite signs
which, like distinctive marks, are attributes of that character;
<a id="p389"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p389&nbsp;</span></a>for
example, if you should wish to describe a man who is not actually rich
but parades as a moneyed man, you would say: "That person there, men of
the jury, who thinks it admirable that he is called rich, see now first
with what an air he surveys us. Does he not seem to you to be saying:
'I'd gladly give you clients' doles, if you didn't try my patience!'
Yes, once he has propped his chin on his left hand​<a class="ref" id="ref65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
he thinks that he dazzles the eyes of all with gleam of his jewelry and
the glitter of his gold. When he turns to his slave boy here, his only
one​<a class="ref" id="ref66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
— I&nbsp;know him, and you do not, I&nbsp;think — he calls him now by
one name, now by another, and now by a&nbsp;third: 'Ho there, you,
Sannio,' says he, 'come here, see that these barbarians​<a class="ref" id="ref67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
don't turn things upside down,' so that unknowing hearers may think he
is selecting one slave from among many. Whispering in the boy's ear he
tells him either to arrange the <span class="whole">dining-couches</span> at home, or to ask his uncle for an Ethiop​<a class="ref" id="ref68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a>
to attend him to the baths, or to station the Asturian thoroughbred
before his front door, or to make ready some other flimsy stage property
which should set off his vainglory. Then he shouts, that all may hear:
'See to it that the money is carefully counted before nightfall,​<a class="ref" id="ref69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
if possible.' The boy, by this time well knowing his master's
character, says: 'You had better send more slaves over there if you want
the counting done today.' 'Go then,' he
<a id="p391"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p391&nbsp;</span></a>answers, 'take with you Libanus and Sosia.' 'Very good, sir.'
</p><p class="justify">
"Then by chance come guests, whom the rascal had invited while
travelling abroad in splendour. By this event the man is, you may be
sure, quite embarrassed, but he still does not desist from his natural
fault. 'You do well,' says he, 'to come, but you would have done better
to go straight to me at my house.' 'That we would have done,' say they,
'had we known your house.' 'But surely it was easy to find that out from
anyone. Still, come with me.'
</p><p class="justify">
"They follow. In the meanwhile all his conversation is spent in
boasting. He asks: 'How are the crops in the fields?' They say that
because his villas have been burnt, he cannot go to them, and does not
yet dare rebuild them, 'although on my Tusculan estate, to be sure,
I&nbsp;have commenced an insane undertaking — to build on the same
foundations.'
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R51">51</a>
<a class="sec" name="64">64</a>&nbsp;"While saying this he comes to a
certain house in which a banqueting club was to meet on that very day.
As if in fact he knew the owner, the rascal now enters the house with
his guest. 'Here,' says he, 'is where I&nbsp;live.' He scrutinizes the
silver which had been laid out, inspects the <span class="whole">dining-couch</span>
which had been spread, and indicates his approval. A&nbsp;little slave
boy comes up. They say aloud to the man that the master is about to
arrive; would he wish to leave? 'Indeed?' says the man. 'Let us be off,
my friends. My brother has arrived from the Falernian country.
I&nbsp;shall go to meet him. Do come here at four o'clock.'​<a class="ref" id="ref70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
The guests depart. The rascal rushes posthaste to his own home. They,
as he had bidden, come at four o'clock. They ask for him, discover
<a id="p393"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p393&nbsp;</span></a>whose house it is, and, hoodwinked, betake themselves to an inn.
</p><p class="justify" id="angiportus">
"They see the man the next day, tell him their story, make their
complaint and their accusation. He assures them that they had been
deceived by the similarity of the place and had missed their way by a
whole street;​<a class="ref" id="ref71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a>
he had, to the prejudice of his health, waited for them late into the
night. To his boy Sannio he had given the job of borrowing vessels,
coverings, and servants, and the little slave, not wanting in
cleverness, had quite energetically and artfully procured all these. The
rascal leads his guest to his home. He says he has accommodated one of
his friends with the loan of his largest mansion for a wedding. The boy
reports that the silver is being recalled; the lender had misgivings.
'Off with you,' says our man, 'I&nbsp;have obliged him with a mansion,
I&nbsp;have given him my household of slaves. Does he want the silver,​<a class="ref" id="ref72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a> too? And yet, although I&nbsp;have guests, let him use it; we shall be content with Samian.'<a class="ref" id="ref73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
</p><p class="justify">
"Why should&nbsp;I tell what he next brings to pass? Such is the
character of the man that what he effects by empty boasting and <span class="whole">showing-off</span> in one day I&nbsp;could hardly recount if I&nbsp;talked a whole year."
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="65">65</a>&nbsp;Character Delineations of this kind
which describe the qualities proper to each man's nature carry very
great charm, for they set before our eyes a person's whole character, of
the boastful man, as I&nbsp;undertook to illustrate, or the envious or
pompous man, or the
<a id="p395"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p395&nbsp;</span></a>miser, the
climber, the lover, the voluptuary, the thief, the public informer — in
short, by such delineation any one's ruling passion can be brought into
the open.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R52">52</a>
Dialogue​<a class="ref" id="ref74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
consists in assigning to some person language which as set forth
conforms with his character, for example: "When the city overflowed with
soldiers, and all the citizens, oppressed by fear, kept themselves at
home, this fellow appeared in military cloak, armed with a sword, in his
hand a javelin. Three young men, equipped like him, follow behind.​<a class="ref" id="ref75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
Suddenly he bursts into the house, and in a loud voice shouts: 'Where
is he, the wealthy owner of this house? Why has he not appeared before
me? Why are you silent?' At this all are struck dumb with terror. The
wife of the unhappy man, bursting into tears, throws herself at this
creature's feet, and says: 'By all that is dearest to you in life,
I&nbsp;pray you, pity us.​<a class="ref" id="ref76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a> Destroy not anew them that are destroyed.​<a class="ref" id="ref77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a> Use your good fortune kindly. We too have enjoyed good fortune. Remember that you are human.'​<a class="ref" id="ref78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a> 'Why do you not surrender him to me and cease wailing into my ears? He shall not escape.'
</p><p class="justify">
"Meanwhile word of this person's arrival and of his clamorous threats of
death is brought to the master of the house. Immediately upon receipt
of these
<a id="p397"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p397&nbsp;</span></a>tidings,
'Hark, Gorgias,' he says to the attendant of his children, 'hide them,
defend them, see that you bring them up safe to young manhood.' Hardly
had he uttered these words when, behold, this person appears, and says:
'You are still here, rash fool? Has not my voice frightened you to
death? Appease my enmity and sate my wrath with your blood.' The master,
with proud spirit, replies: 'I&nbsp;feared I&nbsp;might really be
conquered. Now I&nbsp;see: You do not wish to contend with me in a trial
at law, where failure brings shame, and success glory. You wish to kill
me. True, I&nbsp;shall be killed, but I&nbsp;will die unconquered.'
'Sententious​<a class="ref" id="ref79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
even at the point of death! You do not wish to beg your life of me when
you see I&nbsp;have you in my power?' Then the woman: 'Nay, truly he
begs and implores you. I&nbsp;plead with you, be moved to pity. And do
you, in heaven's name, clasp his knees. He has you in his power. He has
prevailed over you, and do you now prevail over your spirit.' 'Why do
you not cease, my wife,' says he, 'to utter words unworthy of me? Be
silent, and attend to your tasks.​<a class="ref" id="ref80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
And you, why do you not, once for all, rob me of life, and yourself, by
my death, of every hope of enjoying life?' The intruder thrust the
weeping woman from him, and as the master began to say something or
other, worthy, I&nbsp;am sure, of his manliness, buried the sword in his
side."<a class="ref" id="ref81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="p399"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p399&nbsp;</span>
I&nbsp;think that in this example the language assigned to each person
was appropriate to his character — a&nbsp;precaution necessary to
maintain in Dialogue.
</p><p class="justify">
There are likewise Hypothetical Dialogues, as follows: "Indeed what do
we think those people will say if you have passed this judgement? Will
not every one say as follows:&nbsp;<span class="condensed1">––––</span>–?" And then one must add what they will say.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R53">53</a>
<a class="sec" name="66">66</a>&nbsp;Personification​<a class="ref" id="ref82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
consists in representing an absent person as present, or in making a
mute thing or one lacking form articulate, and attributing to it a
definite form and a language or a certain behaviour appropriate to its
character, as follows: "But if this invincible city would now give
utterance to her voice, would she not speak as follows? 'I,&nbsp;city of
renown, who have been adorned with numerous trophies, enriched with
unconditional triumphs, and made opulent by famous victories, am now
vexed, O&nbsp;citizens, by your dissensions. Her whom Carthage with her
wicked guile, Numantia with her tested strength, and Corinth with her
polished culture, could not shake, do you now suffer to be trod upon and
trampled underfoot by worthless weaklings?'&nbsp;" Again: "But if that
great Lucius Brutus should now come to life again and appear here before
you, would he not use this language? 'I&nbsp;banished kings; you bring
in tyrants. I&nbsp;created liberty, which did not exist; what
I&nbsp;created you do not wish to preserve. I,&nbsp;at peril of my life,
freed the fatherland; you, even
<a id="p401"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p401&nbsp;</span></a>without peril, do not care to be free.'&nbsp;"​<a class="ref" id="ref83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
Personification may be applied to a variety of things, mute and
inanimate. It is most useful in the divisions under Amplification and in
Appeal to Pity.<a class="ref" id="ref84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="67">67</a>&nbsp;Emphasis​<a class="ref" id="ref85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
is the figure which leaves more to be suspected than has been actually
asserted. It is produced through Hyperbole, Ambiguity, Logical
Consequence, Aposiopesis, and Analogy.
</p><p class="justify" id="emphasis_by_hyperbole">
The emphasis is produced through Hyperbole​<a class="ref" id="ref86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
when more is said than the truth warrants, so as to give greater force
to the suspicion, as follows: "Out of so great a patrimony, in so short a
time, this man has not laid by even an earthen pitcher wherewith to
seek a fire for himself."<a class="ref" id="ref87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="emphasis_by_ambiguity">
The emphasis is produced through Ambiguity​<a class="ref" id="ref88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a>
when a word can be taken in two or more senses, but yet is taken in
that sense which the speaker intends; for example, if you should say
concerning a man who has come into many legacies: "Just look out, you,
who look out for yourself so profitably."​<a class="ref" id="ref89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a> <a class="chapter" name="R54">54</a>&nbsp;Even
as we must of those ambiguities which render the style obscure, so must
we seek those which produce an emphasis of this sort. It will be easy
to find them if we know and pay heed to the double and multiple meanings
of words.
</p><p class="justify" id="p403"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p403&nbsp;</span>
<a id="emphasis_by_logical_consequence"></a>
Emphasis by Logical Consequence​<a class="ref" id="ref90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a>
is produced when one mentions the things that follow from a given
circumstance, thus leaving the whole matter in distrust; for example, if
you should say to the son of a fishmonger: "Quiet, you, whose father
used to wipe his nose with his forearm."<a class="ref" id="ref91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="emphasis_by_aposiopesis">
The emphasis is produced through Aposiopesis​<a class="ref" id="ref92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a>
if we begin to say something and then stop short, and what we have
already said leaves enough to arouse suspicion, as follows: "He who so
handsome and so young, recently at a stranger's house — I&nbsp;am
unwilling to say more."
</p><p class="justify" id="emphasis_by_analogy">
The emphasis is produced through Analogy, when we cite some analogue and
do not amplify it, but by its means intimate what we are thinking, as
follows: "Do not, Saturninus, rely too much on the popular mob —
unavenged lie the Gracchi."<a class="ref" id="ref93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
</p><p class="justify">
This figure sometimes possesses liveliness and distinction in the
highest degree; indeed it permits the hearer himself to guess what the
speaker has not mentioned.
</p><p class="justify" id="conciseness">
<a class="sec" name="68">68</a>&nbsp;Conciseness​<a class="ref" id="ref94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a>
is the expressing of an idea by the very minimum of essential words, as
follows: "On his way he took Lemnus, then left a garrison at Thasus,
after that destroyed the Bithynian city,
<a id="p405"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p405&nbsp;</span></a>Cius; next, returning to the Hellespont, he forthwith occupies<!-- sic, present tense --> Abydus."​<a class="ref" id="ref95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a>
Again: "Just recently consul, next he was first man of the state; then
he sets out for Asia; next he is declared a public enemy and exiled;
after that he is made <span class="whole">general-in‑chief</span> and finally consul for the seventh time."​<a class="ref" id="ref96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a>
Conciseness expresses a multitude of things within the limits of but
a&nbsp;few words, and is therefore to be used often, either when the
facts do not require a long discourse or when time will not permit
dwelling upon them.
</p><p class="justify" id="ocular_demonstration">
<a class="chapter" name="R55">55</a>
It is Ocular Demonstration​<a class="ref" id="ref97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a>
when an event is so described in words that the business seems to be
enacted and the subject to pass vividly before our eyes. This we can
effect by including what has
<a id="p407"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p407&nbsp;</span></a>preceded, followed, and accompanied the event itself, or by keeping steadily to its consequences​<a class="ref" id="ref98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a> or the attendant circumstances,​<a class="ref" id="ref99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
as follows: As soon as Gracchus saw that the people were wavering, in
their fear that he might, by the Senate's decree, be moved to change his
mind, he ordered a convocation of the Assembly. In the meanwhile, this
fellow, filled with wicked and criminal designs, bounds out of the
temple of Jupiter. In a sweat, with eyes blazing,​<a class="ref" id="ref100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
hair bristling, toga awry, he begins to quicken his pace, several other
men joining him. While the herald is asking attention for Gracchus, the
fellow, beside himself, plants his heel on a bench, breaks off a leg of
it with his right hand, and orders the others to do likewise. When
Gracchus begins a prayer to the gods, these creatures in a rush attack
him, coming together from all quarters, and a man in the crowd shouts:
'Fly, Tiberius, fly! Don't you see? Look behind you, I&nbsp;say!' Then
the <span class="whole">fickle</span> mob, stricken with sudden fear,
take to flight. But this fellow, frothing crime from his mouth,
breathing forth cruelty from the depth of his lungs, swings his arm,
and, while Gracchus wonders what it means, but still does not move from
the place where he stood, strikes him on the temple. Gracchus does not
impair his inborn manliness by a single cry, but falls without uttering a
sound. The assassin, bespattered with the pitiable blood of the bravest
of heroes, looks about him as if he had done a most admirable deed,
gaily extends his murderous hand to his
<a id="p409"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p409&nbsp;</span></a>followers as they congratulate him, and betakes himself to the temple of Jupiter."​<a class="ref" id="ref101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a> <a class="sec" name="69">69</a>&nbsp;Through
this kind of narrative Ocular Demonstration is very useful in
amplifying a matter and basing on it an appeal to pity, for its sets
forth the whole incident and virtually brings it before our eyes.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R56">56</a>
I&nbsp;have here carefully collected all the principles of embellishing
style. If, Herennius, you exercise yourself diligently in these, your
speaking will possess impressiveness,​<a class="ref" id="ref102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a> distinction, and charm.​<a class="ref" id="ref103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a>
As a result you will speak like a true orator, and the product of your
invention will not be bare and inelegant, nor will it be expressed in
commonplace language.
</p><p class="justify" id="practice_and_practice">
Now let us again and again jointly insist (for the matter will concern
us both) upon our seeking, constantly and unremittingly, by study and
exercise, to master the theory of the art.​<a class="ref" id="ref104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a> Others find this difficult for three main areas: they have no one with whom it is a pleasure to practise, or they lack <span class="whole">self-confidence</span>,
or they do not know the right path to follow. For us none of these
difficulties exists. We practise together gladly because of our
friendship, which, originating in blood <span class="whole">relation</span>­ship, has in addition been strengthened by the study of philosophy. We are not without <span class="whole">self-confidence</span>,
both because we have made no little progress, and because there are
other and better studies which we pursue in life more intently, so that
even if, in public speaking, we have not reached our goal, we shall miss
but
<a id="p411"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p411&nbsp;</span></a>a little of the wholly perfect life.​<a class="ref" id="ref105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a> And finally, we know the path to follow, because from these books no principle of rhetoric has been omitted.
</p><p class="justify">
Indeed I&nbsp;have shown how in every type of cause one ought to find
ideas. I&nbsp;have told how it is proper to arrange these. I&nbsp;have
disclosed the method of delivery. I&nbsp;have taught how we can have a
good memory. I&nbsp;have explained the means by which to secure a
finished style. If we follow these principle our Invention will be keen
and prompt, our Arrangement clear and orderly, our Delivery impressive
and graceful, our Memory sure and lasting, our Style brilliant and
charming. In the art of rhetoric, then, there is no more. All these
faculties we shall attain if we supplement the precepts of theory with
diligent practice.<a class="ref" id="ref106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a>
</p><hr class="endnotes"><a id="endnotes"></a>
<h2>
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
</h2>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διαίρεσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">μερισμός</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the <span lang="la" class="Latin">distributio</span> of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#distribution" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.x.17</a>,
the <span lang="la" class="Latin">distributio</span> (Broken Tone of Debate) of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#tone_of_debate" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.xiii.23</a>, and the figure, <span lang="la" class="Latin">divisio</span>, in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xl.52</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
Of <span lang="el" class="Greek">πράγματα</span> or of <span lang="el" class="Greek">πρόσωπα</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the distinction in the third kind of <span lang="la" class="Latin">narratio</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.viii.13
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
In accordance with the <span lang="la" class="Latin">Lex Plautia Iudiciaria</span> of&nbsp;90/89&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> both senators and knights (and also some of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">plebs</span>) served as <span lang="la" class="Latin">iudices</span> in the criminal courts. Sulla restored the senatorial monopoly in&nbsp;82/81&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
On the admission of hearsay evidence in Roman Law see J.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;<span class="whole">Strachan-Davidson</span>, <i>Problems of the Roman Criminal Law</i>, Oxford, 1912, 2.123&nbsp;ff.; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.viii.12
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
From the celebrated speech delivered in&nbsp;113&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>
(or at the end of&nbsp;114) by L.&nbsp;Licinius Crassus in defence of
Licinia, accused with other Vestals of unchastity and condemned.
L.&nbsp;Cassius Longinus Ravilla (whose rule was to insist on the
question of the motive: <span lang="la" class="Latin">Cui bono?</span> — "for whose advantage was the crime?") was the examining magistrate.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρρησία</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">oratio libera</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.27" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.27
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99</a>, denies that this is a figure. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>De&nbsp;Pace</i> 72&nbsp;f.<!-- ISOCRATES -->:
<a id="p349x"></a>"While hating those who revile you to your hurt as
bearing malice to the state, you ought to praise those who admonish you
for your benefit, and think them the best of your <span class="whole">fellow-citizens</span>,
and think that best of all is the man who can demonstrate most vividly
the defects of your practices and the misfortunes that arise from them."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
Whether this passage derives from a speech actually delivered we do not
know. The sentiments are appropriate to a tribune of the time of Marius.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
The renewal (<span lang="la" class="Latin">ampliatio</span>) of a case followed the verdict <span lang="la" class="Latin">non liquet</span> by the jury, and the president's pronouncement <span lang="la" class="Latin">amplius (cognoscendum)</span>. Renewals had to be repeated until
<a id="p351x"></a>the verdict of <span lang="la" class="Latin">fecisse videtur</span> or <span lang="la" class="Latin">non fecisse videtur</span> was rendered. The <span lang="la" class="Latin">Lex Aelia Repetundarum</span> (123/2&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
provided against the abuses of this power by juries; it permitted the
jury no more than one renewal in a single case at penalty of a fine.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Plato, <i>Phaedo</i>&nbsp;91<span class="small">B</span>:
"And I&nbsp;would enjoin upon you to be giving only little thought to
Socrates, but much more to the truth"; and the saying attributed to
Aristotle by Cervantes: <span lang="la" class="Latin">Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas</span>. (See James Condamin, <i>Répertoire Alphabétique des Citations</i>, Lyons and Paris, 1926, pp26&nbsp;ff.)<span class="emend">.</span>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
It has been suspected (see Friedrich Ellendt in <span class="whole">Meyer-Dübner</span>, <i>Orator. Rom. Fragm.</i>, 2nd&nbsp;ed., p235, and Kroehnert, p30) that this may be a fragment from the speech <i>De&nbsp;legibus promulgatis</i> delivered (in&nbsp;122&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
by Gaius Gracchus, the words here being directed against M.&nbsp;Livius
Drusus; but there is no real evidence to substantiate the conjecture.
Rutilius Lupus, 2.18 (Halm, pp20‑21), uses as an example of this figure
the following passage from Demosthenes (<i>Fragm.</i>
<a id="p353x"></a><i>Orat. Att.</i>, ed.&nbsp;<span class="whole">Baiter-Sauppe</span>,
fragm.&nbsp;54, p257): "But shall&nbsp;I refrain from speaking the
truth frankly before you? No, I&nbsp;say. I&nbsp;shall not be silent,
because the common welfare demands speech. It is by your own doing, men
of Athens, that the state is in such great peril. For you have failed to
defend yourselves, by recklessly believing every one and by esteeming
as most useful the opinions of those whose counsels are most cowardly."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντεναντίωσις</span>. Sometimes also <span lang="el" class="Greek">μείωσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">λιτότης</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
It has been conjectured (see Ellendt in <span class="whole">Meyer-Dübner</span>, <i>Orator. Rom. Fragm.</i>, 2nd&nbsp;ed., p256, and Kroehnert, p31)
<a id="p355x"></a>that this passage may have its source in the speech delivered by Marcus Antonius, in&nbsp;98&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, in defence of Manius Aquilius, accused of extortion; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/flacco.shtml#98" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Pro&nbsp;Flacco</i>&nbsp;98</a>:
"Aquilius, who had been convicted of extortion on many charges and by
many witnesses." But there is no real evidence for the ascription.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διατύπωσις</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">demonstratio</span> (Ocular Demonstration),
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.lv.68
</a>
below, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">consequentium frequentatio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'conglobatae</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;16.55</a>. The figure is useful for exciting emotions; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;the tenth commonplace of Amplification in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#commonplace_10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.49
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the example of Comparison in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.3 (1406<span class="small">B</span>):
"Androtion said of Idrieus that he was 'like a cur let loose from his
chain, that flies at you and bites'; so Idrieus, let loose from his
chains, was vicious."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the second example of Simile,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlix.62
</a>
below, and the passage of Demosthenes cited in note.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
The example is Greek in origin; see the similar example (illustrating <span lang="el" class="Greek">διάλυσις</span>) in Herodian (Walz&nbsp;8.603). Notice that the speaker addresses the hearers as <span lang="la" class="Latin">Quirites</span> at first, and as <span lang="la" class="Latin">iudices</span> at the end. For content and diction <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;the example of the grand style,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.viii.12
</a>
above. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also in Homer, <i>Il.</i>&nbsp;9.591&nbsp;ff., Cleopatra's description of the woes that come to
<a id="p359x"></a>men whose city is captured: "The warriors are slain, the city is wasted by fire, and strangers lead captive the children and <span class="whole">deep-girdled</span> women"; the example of Metathesis from an unknown author in Isidore, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;21.34
(Halm, p521): "Recall your minds to the spectacle of an unhappy city
that has been stormed, and imagine that you see all the burning, the
killing, the plundering, the pillaging, the bodily injury done the
children, the taking captive of the matrons, the slaying of the old
men";
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/32*.html#89" target="Dio_Chrysostom_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusG)" onmouseout="nd();">
Dio Chrysostom&nbsp;32.89</a>; and Caesar in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Sallust/Bellum_Catilinae*.html#51.9" target="Sallust_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Sallust, <i>Cat.</i>&nbsp;51.9</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">προσαπόδοσις</span>, Distributive Reply. <span lang="la" class="Latin">In distributis supposita ratio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#207" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.54.207</a>; Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.93" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.93</a>, doubts whether <span lang="la" class="Latin">distributis subiecta ratio</span> is a figure. The figure is related to Dilemma (<span lang="la" class="Latin">duplex conclusio</span>), used in argumentation; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxiv.38
</a>
above. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">distributio</span>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#distribution" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
(4.xxxv.47)
</a>
and <span lang="la" class="Latin">ratiocinatio</span>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#reasoning_by_question_and_answer" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(4.xvi.23)</a>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also Trimalchio on Agamemnon's <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/petronius1.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Petronius\' Satyricon'+Lat2+LatSearch+'si factum</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Petronius&nbsp;48</a>: "If the business took place, there is no argument; if it did not, it is all nonsense."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.x.17</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συναθροισμός</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">enumeratio</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#summing_up" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.47
</a>
above, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">consummatio</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.103" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.2.103</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
For the same idea see
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'exigua</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;11.40</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
The example that follows is a summary of a city council case (with its
dependence on the topics of circumstantial evidence) according to the
principles set forth above in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.ii.3&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
<i>Cf.</i>,&nbsp;in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.iv.6
</a>
above, the prosecutor's use of Comparison, and for this whole passage
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7B*.html#2.42" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 7.2.42‑44</a>, on Intention (<span lang="la" class="Latin">consilium</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#Subsequent_Behaviour" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.v.8
</a>
above, on Subsequent Behaviour.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
All these considerations are discussed above in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.vi.9&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
A&nbsp;<span lang="el" class="Greek">χρεία</span>, a thought (usually ethical) developed in detail in accordance with definite rules; a&nbsp;favourite type of <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasma</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.lii.65
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
A&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">quaestio infinita</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">θέσις</span>); see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3A*.html#5.5" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 3.5.5&nbsp;f.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Julius Rufinianus&nbsp;20 (Halm, pp43‑4): "<span lang="el" class="Greek">διαλογισμός</span> occurs when someone discusses with himself and ponders what he is doing or what he thinks ought to be done."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Plato, <i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;9, 358<span class="small">A</span>: "Yet this, too, you ought to bear in mind — that none of us was born for self alone, but our
<a id="p367x"></a>existence is shared by our country, our parents, and our friends"; Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;205:
"Every one of those men considered himself to have been born, not to
his father and mother alone, but also to his fatherland."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνάστασις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xvii.24</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xviii.25</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.59‑xlix.62</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.47&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxx.41</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
The <span lang="la" class="Latin">tractatio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐξεργασία</span>) of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">chria</span> is freer than that of the epicheireme in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xix.28&nbsp;ff.</a> This is our oldest extant illustration of a <span lang="la" class="Latin">chria</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the <span lang="la" class="Latin">tractatio</span> in Hermogenes, <i>Progymn.</i>&nbsp;3 (ed.&nbsp;Rabe, pp6‑8).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
The Theme expressed simply (<span lang="el" class="Greek">χρεία</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
The Reasons (<span lang="el" class="Greek">αἰτίαι</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a>
Expression of the theme in a new form.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
The Reasons.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/phil10.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s 2d Philippic'+Lat2+LatSearch+'decertandum</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Phil.</i>&nbsp;10.10.20</a>:
"But since through the days and nights every kind of fate surrounds us
on all sides, it is not a man's part, certainly not a Roman's, to
hesitate to give to his country the life he owes to nature."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
The argument from the Contrary (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
The argument by Comparison (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ παραβολῆς</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
The national hero P.&nbsp;Decius Mus, in&nbsp;295&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> at
<a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/sentinum/" target="Livius" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,toLivius,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Sentinum
</a>
in the war against the Samnites, flung himself upon the weapons of the
enemy, and by this act of devotion brought victory to the Romans. The
like act was attributed to his
<a id="p373x"></a>father (who bore the same name) in a battle against the Latins in&nbsp;340&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> This story was a favourite historical example (see Exemplification,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlix.62
</a>
below) of patriotism.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
The argument from Example (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ παραδειγμάτων</span>), and the testimony of antiquity (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μαρτύρια τῶν παλαιῶν</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
Conclusion (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπίλογος</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xviii.28</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.47&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιμονή</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also <span lang="el" class="Greek">διατριβή</span>, as, for example, in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.17 (1418<span class="small">A</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
Anon., <i>Schemata Dianoeas</i>, in Halm, p72.7, cites in illustration
of this figure the famous beginning of Cicero's first oration against
Catiline: "How long, in heaven's name, Catiline, will you abuse our
patience? How much longer yet will that madness of yours make mock of
us? To what limit will your unbridled audacity vaunt itself?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a>
The basis is the common comparison of a discourse with the human body. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἁδρόν</span> (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.viii.11
</a>
above), <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἰσχνόν</span> (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.x.14
</a>
above), and esp.&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">sufflata</span> (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.x.15
</a>
above), and <span lang="la" class="Latin">dissolutum (sine nervis et articulis)</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">exile</span> (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xi.16
</a>
above); Cicero, <i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#36" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">9.36
</a>
and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#64" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
16.64</a>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#76" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;23.76</a>;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/serm2.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Satires, Book 2'+Lat2+LatSearch+'sine nervis</SPAN>',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Serm.</i>&nbsp;2.1.2</a>; in Plato, <i>Phaedrus</i>&nbsp;264<span class="small">C</span>,
Socrates' principle that every discourse is constructed like a living
creature, with a body of its own and a head and feet, and Aristotle, <i>Poet.</i>, ch.&nbsp;7 (1450<span class="small">B</span>). See also La&nbsp;Rue Van&nbsp;Hook, <i>The Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric and Literary Criticism</i>, Chicago diss., 1905, pp18&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xv.21</a>. The ancient rhetoricians differed widely, some regarding
Antithesis as a figure of diction, others as a figure of thought, and
still others as belonging to both classes; see Cousin, <i>Études sur Quintilien</i>, 2.46‑8.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παραβολή</span>. This figure and the next form a common triad in <span class="whole">post-Aristotelian</span> rhetoric. In
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#49" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 1.xxx.49</a>, they are divisions of <span lang="la" class="Latin">comparabile</span> (=&nbsp;<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὁμοίωσις</span>). <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Metaphor and Allegory,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#metaphor" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxiv.45,&nbsp;46
</a>
above, among
<a id="p377x"></a>the figures of diction. Comparisons are invented, but drawn from real life; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on Exemplification, 4.xlix.62
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Xenophon, <i>Memorabilia</i>&nbsp;4.1.13; "Such as
believed themselves good by nature and looked down upon learning,
Socrates would teach that the greater the natural endowments, the
greater is the need of education, pointing out that spirited and
impetuous thoroughbreds, if they are tamed
<a id="p379x"></a>when young, become useful and excellent horses, but if not broken in, become intractable and worthless;" also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5C*.html#11.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 5.11.24&nbsp;f.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on Exemplification, 4.xlix.62
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
The story of Evangelus of Tarentum at the Pythian games; see
Lucian, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Indoctum</i>&nbsp;8‑10<!--</A>LUCIAN-->. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also Socrates in Xenophon, <i>Memorabilia</i> 1.7.2, on the bad <span class="whole">flute-player</span> considered in connection with imposture and the life of virtue.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παράδειγμα</span>. Examples are drawn from history. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.20 (1393<span class="small">A</span>&nbsp;ff.),
divides Examples into this type and also that which is invented (but
drawn from real life), and the latter again into the Comparison (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.49
</a>
above) and the Fable. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<i>Rhet. ad&nbsp;Alex.</i>, ch.&nbsp;8 (1429<span class="small">A</span>‑1430<span class="small">A</span>), and Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5C*.html#11" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
5.11.1&nbsp;ff.
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.72" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.3.72&nbsp;ff.
</a>
Examples are recommended especially in deliberative speaking,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#examples_in_deliberative_speaking" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.v.9
</a>
above; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>Ad&nbsp;Demonicum</i>&nbsp;34<!-- ISOCRATES -->, Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;1.9 (1368<span class="small">A</span>) and 3.17 (1418<span class="small">A</span>). Both embellishment (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#example.defects" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.xxix.46
</a>
above) and proof (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3.iii.4
</a>
above) are here
<a id="p383x"></a>included among the functions of Example by our author. In
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.iii.5
</a>
above
the function is declared to be <span lang="la" class="Latin">demonstratio</span>, not <span lang="la" class="Latin">confirmatio</span> or <span lang="la" class="Latin">testificatio</span>; see note. For <span lang="la" class="Latin">facti et dicti</span> in the definition <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Quintilian's recommendation in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/12B*.html#2.29" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
12.2.29
</a>
<a id="p384x"></a>that the speaker know and ponder the noblest things "said and done" in the past, and the title of Valerius Maximus' work, <i><span lang="la" class="Latin">Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri&nbsp;IX</span></i>; also Thucydides' division of his material into <span lang="el" class="Greek">λόγοι</span> and <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔργα</span>. See Karl Alewell, <i>Über das rhetorische <span lang="el" class="Greek">παράδειγμα</span></i>, Kiel diss., Leipzig, 1913, especially pp18&nbsp;ff. Marius Plotius (Keil, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i>&nbsp;6.469) and Apsines, <i>Ars Rhet.</i>&nbsp;8 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].281.10&nbsp;ff<span class="emend">.</span>) treat four methods of drawing examples: from the like, the contrary, the greater, the less; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xlv.49
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xliv.57
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.59
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰκών</span>. Puttenham's "Resemblance by Imagerie or Pourtrait." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.4 (1406<span class="small">B</span>&nbsp;ff.). In <span class="whole">post-Aristotelian</span> rhetoric this appears as a special figure, separate from <span lang="la" class="Latin">similitudo</span> (Comparison),
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.59
</a>
above, to which it is yet closely akin; Minucianus, <i>De&nbsp;Epich.</i>&nbsp;2 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].342) attributes greater vividness to <span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰκών</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5C*.html#11.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
5.11.24</a>, advises that this kind of comparison should be used less often than the kind which helps to prove our point. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#49" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 1.xxx.49</a>. Polybius Sard. (Spengel&nbsp;3.108) gives nine figures related to <span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰκών</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.4 (1406<span class="small">B</span>): "When Homer [<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<i>Il.</i>&nbsp;20.164] says of Achilles, 'Like a lion he rushed to meet his foe,' that is <span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰκών</span>."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">βάσκανος ὀφθαλμός</span>. For the example <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Aristogeit.</i>&nbsp;1.52: "But he moves through the <span class="whole">market-place</span>
like a snake or scorpion with sting raised, darting here and there,
looking about for someone upon whom to bring down misfortune or calumny
or evil of some kind."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
The Galli derived their name from a river Gallus in Phrygia; who drank of it went mad
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.fasti4.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 4<BR>of Ovid\'s Fasti'+Lat2+LatSearch+'qui bibit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Ovid, <i>Fasti</i>&nbsp;4.366)</a>. The worship of the Phrygian Mother Goddess was characterized by extreme wildness.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">χαρακτηρισμός</span>, favoured in comedy; <i>e.g.</i>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ter.hecyra.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Terence\'s Hecyra'+Lat2+LatSearch+'noveris</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Terence, <i>Hecyra</i>&nbsp;439‑41</a>: "Well, I'll describe him so that you will recognize him — he is tall, ruddy, <span class="whole">curly-headed</span>, <span class="whole">heavy-set</span>, blear-eyed, and has a face like a corpse." Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99</a>, excludes this from the figures.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἠθοποιία</span>. <span lang="la" class="Latin">Morum ac vitae imitatio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#204" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.204</a>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Theophrastus, <i>Characters</i>, especially <span class="small">XXIII</span><!--</A>THEOPHRASTUS:CHARACTERS-->, "Pretentiousness." Theophrastus developed the type; Roman comedy favoured it (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;the narratives in Terence, and, for the theme, the <i>Miles Gloriosus</i> of Plautus). Of the orators Lysias employs Ethopoeia with special skill. <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἠθοποιία</span> may be connected with the simple style (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.x.14
</a>
above), although the example of the figure shows an artificial elegance which <span lang="la" class="Latin">sermo</span> rarely had. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99</a>, excludes <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἠθοποιία</span> from the figures.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
This gesture, used by Palaestrio in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/miles.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Miles Gloriosus</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'columnam</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plautus, <i>Miles Gloriosus</i>&nbsp;209</a>, is interpreted by Periplecomenus as indicating thought. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the statue of Polyhymnia, No.&nbsp;195 in A.&nbsp;Baumeister, <i>Bilder aus dem griech. und röm. Altertum</i>, Munich, 1889.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
<i>Cf.</i>, in Athenaeus, 6.230<!--</A>ATHENAEUS230-->, the bragging
beggar who owned in all only a drachm's weight of silver, and would
shout to his one and only slave — but using names as many as the sands
in number: "Boy! Strombichides! Don't set before us the silver we use in
winter, but that which we use in summer!"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
Unlike Sannio, who was doubtless home-born.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a>
In Theophrastus, <i>Characters</i>&nbsp;21.4<!--</A>THEOPHRASTUS:CHARACTERS-->, the Man of Petty Ambition "sees to it that his attendant shall be an Ethiop."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Calpurnius_Siculus/Eclogues/3*.html#nightfall_boasting" target="Calpurnius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Calpurnius Siculus&nbsp;3.63&nbsp;f.</a>: "Let him only vie in feeding kids in number equal to my bulls as these are counted at nightfall."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
The dinner hour; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Martial, <i>Epigr.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost01/Martialis/mar_ep4.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 4<BR>of the Epigrams of Martial'+Lat2+LatSearch+'decuma</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">4.8.7</a>,
<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost01/Martialis/mar_ep7.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 7<BR>of the Epigrams of Martial'+Lat2+LatSearch+'a decuma</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
7.51.11</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the situation in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/pseudolus.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Pseudolus</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'numerum</SPAN>.')" onmouseout="nd();">
Plautus, <i>Pseud.</i>&nbsp;960‑2</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/asinaria.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Asinaria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'utendos</SPAN>.')" onmouseout="nd();">Plautus, <i>Asin.</i>&nbsp;444&nbsp;ff.</a>:
[Leonida:] "The cups I&nbsp;lent Philodamus — has he brought them
back?" [Libanus:] "Not yet." "Oh? He hasn't? Give things away, if you
wish — accommodate a friend with them."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
In this ware metal shapes were imitated. By no means the humblest ware,
Samian yet represents the inferiority of earthen vessels as against
those of metal. See F.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;Waagé, <i>Antiquity</i> 11&nbsp;(1937), 46‑55.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διάλογοι</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.29" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.29&nbsp;ff.</a>, joins this figure and Personification (next below) as one. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xliii.55
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/rudens.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Rudens</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'machaeris</SPAN>.')" onmouseout="nd();">Plautus, <i>Rud.</i>&nbsp;315</a>: "Who had three men with him, wearing cloaks and swords (<span lang="la" class="Latin">chlamydatos cum machaeris</span>)."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
The style is Greek. <i>Cf.</i>,&nbsp;for example, Euripides, <i>Androm.</i>&nbsp;892‑3: <span lang="el" class="Greek">πρός σε τῶνδε γουνάτων οἴκτειρον ἡμᾶς</span> ("I&nbsp;implore you by these knees, take pity on me"), and <i>Medea</i>&nbsp;324; Sophocles, <i>Oed. Col.</i>&nbsp;250, and <i>Philoct.</i>&nbsp;468.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Euripides, <i>Alc.</i>&nbsp;1065: "Take me not captive who am already captive"; Sophocles, <i>Antig.</i>&nbsp;1030: "What feat is it to slay the slain anew?";
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.ponto4.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 4<BR>of Ovid\'s Litterae ex Ponto'+Lat2+LatSearch+'extinctos</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Ovid, <i>Epist. ex&nbsp;Ponto</i> 4.16.51</a>: "What pleasure do you find, Malice, in driving the steel into limbs already dead?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>Ad&nbsp;Demonicum</i>&nbsp;21<!-- ISOCRATES -->: "You will achieve <span class="whole">self-control</span> if, when in trouble, you regard the misfortunes of
<a id="p395x"></a>others and remind yourself that you are human"; the verse ascribed in Stobaeus, 3.22.25<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->, to the poet Hippothoön (or Hippothoüs): "Since you are human, remember the common lot of humanity" (see
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft#page/827/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Nauck, <i>Trag. Graec. Fragm.</i>, 2nd&nbsp;ed. [1889], p827</a>); Theseus in Sophocles, <i>Oed.&nbsp;Col.</i>&nbsp;567&nbsp;f.: "I&nbsp;know well that I&nbsp;am mortal and have no greater share in the morrow than you do."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">γνωμολογεῖς</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;in Homer, <i>Il.</i>&nbsp;6.490, Hector's words to Andromache: "But go thou to thine house and attend to thine own tasks."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
Whereas the example of Character Delineation next above is in the spirit
of comedy, this example is tragic in nature. As the notes indicate, it
is probably of Greek origin, despite certain of its distinctively Roman
features. Marx, <i>Proleg.</i>, p108, thinks that it may perhaps be referred to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> concerning the murder of Sulpicius,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">προσωποποιία</span>. Representing an absent person as present would not today be regarded as strictly within the meaning of Personification. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#205" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.205</a>
(<span lang="la" class="Latin">personarum ficta inductio</span>);
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.29" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.2.29‑37</a>. See George Reichel, <i>Quaestiones Progymnasm.</i>, diss. Leipzig, 1909, pp75‑88, on this figure as a <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasma</span>. Making the dead speak was sometimes called <span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰδωλοποιία</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#85" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;</a><a id="p399x"></a><a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#85" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">25.85</a>:
"The [unaffected Attic speaker] will not represent the commonwealth as
speaking, or call the dead from the lower world." Volkmann, p490,
excludes Personification from the figures of thought; see also pp280
and&nbsp;312 on its uses.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
Such sentiments as are expressed in these two passages might have been
uttered by tribunes of the plebs in the time of Marius; see Kroehnert,
p32. L.&nbsp;Junius Brutus liberated Rome from the Tarquins and founded
the Roman consulate.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.48‑xxxi.50</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔμφασις</span>. Meaning conveyed by implication. Really more a trope than a figure. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.83" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 8.3.83</a>: "There are two kinds of Emphasis; one means more than it says, the other often means something it does not say."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxiii.44
</a>
above
(<span lang="la" class="Latin">superlatio</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
This passage is in the spirit of the excerpts, in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#223" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 2.55.223‑6</a>, from the speech delivered in probably
<a id="p401x"></a>91&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> by
L.&nbsp;Licinius Crassus on behalf of Cn.&nbsp;Planc(i)us against
M.&nbsp;Junius Brutus, who had squandered his patrimony. Kroehnert, p31,
thinks it may come from this speech, but there is no real evidence for
the ascription.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/6C*.html#3.47" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
6.3.47&nbsp;ff.</a>, considers the play on double meanings only rarely telling, unless helped out by the facts.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a>
The play is upon the double meaning of <span lang="la" class="Latin">cernere</span>:
to "discern" and, in judicial language, "to enter upon an inheritance;"
thus: "you who know exceedingly well how to enter upon bequests."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπακολούθησις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
The saying is common, <i>e.g.</i>, with reference to the freedman father of the poet Horace, in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/de_Poetis/Horace*.html#A" target="Suetonius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Suetonius, <i>De&nbsp;Viris Illustribus</i>, <i>Vita Horatii</i></a>, and to the freedman father of Bion of Borysthenes (first half, third century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>), in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/4/Bion*.html#46" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Diogenes Laertius&nbsp;4.46</a>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also Plutarch, <i>Quaest. Conviv.</i>&nbsp;2.4 (631<span class="small">D</span>)<!--</A>PLUTARCH:SYMPOSIUM-->, and, illustrating <span lang="el" class="Greek">σκῶμμα</span> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">contumelia celata</span>),
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/7*.html#3.6" target="Macrobius" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef1,WIDTH,155)" onmouseout="nd();">
Macrobius, <i>Sat.</i>&nbsp;7.3.6</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxx.41
</a>
above (<span lang="la" class="Latin">praecisio</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
L.&nbsp;Appuleius Saturninus, of praetorian descent, after being removed from the <span class="whole">quaestor</span>­ship by the Senate, joined the <span lang="la" class="Latin">populares</span>, and thereafter by demagoguery and violence
<a id="p403x"></a>fought the Senate until he was, in&nbsp;100&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, declared a public enemy by that body and slain, the mob participating; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.xxii.31
</a>
above. Saturninus was influenced by the political ideas of C.&nbsp;Gracchus. On his grain-bill see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xii.21
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">βραχυλογία</span>. Also, from another point of view, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιτροχασμός</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">distincte concisa brevitas</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">percursio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#202" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.202</a>. Quintilian in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99
</a>
denies that <span lang="el" class="Greek">βραχυλογία</span> is a figure, yet in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.50" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.50
</a>
treats it as a form of Asyndeton.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="a0 justify">
<a class="note" id="note95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a>
Text and reference are uncertain. Friedrich Muenzer (<i>Philologus</i> 89 [1934], 215‑25) believes that the expedition made in&nbsp;202‑200&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>
by Philip&nbsp;V of Macedon (Rome declared war in&nbsp;200) is
indicated. Cius was the city on the Propontis in Bithynia. The Rhodians
were active against Philip; this passage may come from an actual
oration, perhaps delivered, Muenzer thinks, by Apollonius Molo or
Apollonius <span lang="el" class="Greek">ὁ&nbsp;μαλακός</span>. W.&nbsp;Warde Fowler,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CR/29/5/An_Attack_on_the_Hellespont*.html" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Class. Rev.</i>&nbsp;29&nbsp;(1915), 136‑7</a>, and <i>Roman Essays and Interpretations</i>, Oxford, 1920, pp95‑99, thinks the reference is to Lucullus and his fleet in&nbsp;84 (85)&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, when he was clearing the Hellespont and Aegean of the forces of Mithridates for Sulla. Marx (<i><span lang="la" class="Latin">Viminacium</span></i>), <i>Rhein. Mus.</i>&nbsp;47&nbsp;
(1892), 157‑9, doubts the possibility of establishing the reference. For
other conjectures, see A.&nbsp;von&nbsp;Domaszewski, <i>Jahreshefte der oesterr. archaeol. Inst. in&nbsp;Wien</i>, <i>Hermes</i>&nbsp;8&nbsp;(1874), 75‑7 (Lysimachia, and Antiochus&nbsp;III after his defeat in&nbsp;191&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> by the Romans at Thermopylae).
</p><p class="i1 b0 a0 justify">
Alexander Numenii, <i>De&nbsp;Schemat.</i> (Spengel&nbsp;3.22), cites in
<a id="p405x"></a>illustration of <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιτροχασμός</span> Demosthenes, <i>Phil.</i>&nbsp;3.27:
"He has gone to the Hellespont; formerly he marched against Ambracia;
Elis — that important city in the Peloponnese — he holds; against the
Megarians he plotted lately." If our author's example does not come from
a speech actually delivered, it may be an imitation of this passage.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a>
The reference is to Marius; see W.&nbsp;Warde Fowler, <i>Journ. of Philol.</i>&nbsp;10&nbsp;(1882), 197‑205<!--</A>JOURNAL-->, and <i>Roman Essays and Interpretations</i>, pp91‑95. Marius was consul for the first time in&nbsp;107&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, and for the fifth in&nbsp;101; in&nbsp;100, during his sixth <span class="whole">consul</span>­
ship, spent at Rome, he was in complete control of the state; he
departed for Asia in voluntary exile in&nbsp;99; when, after the contest
with Sulla in&nbsp;88, he was declared a public enemy by the Senate and
exiled, he fled to Africa; he returned to Italy in the middle
of&nbsp;87, and soon thereafter received from Cinna the proconsular <span lang="la" class="Latin">imperium</span> and the <span lang="la" class="Latin">fasces</span>; he held the <span class="whole">consul</span>­
ship for the seventh time in January&nbsp;86 for a&nbsp;few days until
his death. The career of Marius was a common theme in the rhetorical
schools; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.contr1.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s <I>Controversiae</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'quis fuit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Seneca, <i>Contr.</i>&nbsp;1.1.5</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Valerius_Maximus/6*.html#9.14" target="Valerius_Maximus" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef1,WIDTH,155)" onmouseout="nd();">
Valerius Maximus, 6.9.14</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐνάργεια</span>. To Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.61" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.3.61</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.40" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.40</a>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">evidentia</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">repraesentatio</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">sub oculos subiectio</span>. Sometimes Hypotyposis (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑποτύπωσις</span>). <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">descriptio</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxix.51
</a>
above; Kroll, "Rhetorik," coll.&nbsp;1111&nbsp;f.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ παρεπόμενα</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ παρακολουθοῦντα</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ συμβαίνοντα</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Cicero, <i>Verr.</i>&nbsp;2.5.62.161<!--</A>CICERO:VERRINES-->:
"He [Verres] came into the Forum burning with criminal fury; his eyes
blazed, and cruelty stood out on every feature of his face;" cited by
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.40" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.40</a>, and by Gellius,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html#3.9" target="Gellius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
10.3.9</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a>
This is a partisan narrative, probably from a <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span>, of the murder of Ti.&nbsp;Gracchus in&nbsp;133&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>
by P.&nbsp;Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio and his followers. On the
accounts that we have in the ancient historians see Friedrich Muenzer,
P.‑W.&nbsp;4.1503.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μεγαλοπρέπεια</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ ἡδύ</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1.1.1
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a>
Philodemus, <i>Rhet.</i>, ed.&nbsp;Sudhaus, 1.250, says that the art of rhetoric does not conduce to a life of happiness.
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Thayer's Note: At last, after having transcribed this entire work by
hand, and its 765&nbsp;notes, and out of excess of masochism, proofread
all of it — something I&nbsp;can connect with. If, having read this
querulous little bleat of mine, you should actually happen to have found
the exercise useful,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/HELP/corrections.html" target="help" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
please drop me a line
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and let me know that I&nbsp;haven't wasted a&nbsp;week and a&nbsp;half of my life: I&nbsp;will be gratified; and amazed.
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<p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#ref106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Composit. Verb.</i>,
ch.&nbsp;26, Conclusion: "Here, Rufus, is my gift to you. It will be
'worth many others' if only you will .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. exercise yourself
in its lessons every day. For the rules in textbooks of rhetoric cannot
by themselves make expert those who are eager to dispense with study and
practice."
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