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LacusCurtius • Ad&nbsp;Herennium — Book&nbsp;IV, 19‑46
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<span class="small">previous:</span>
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IV.<span class="small">1‑18</span>
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This webpage reproduces part of
<br>
a complete English translation of the
<br>
<span class="bold larger">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
<br>
published in the
Loeb Classical Library,
<br>
1954
</p><p class="center">
The text is in the public domain.
</p><p class="center">
This page has been carefully proofread
<br>
and I&nbsp;believe it to be free of errors.
<br>
If you find a mistake though,
<br>
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IV.<span class="small">47‑69</span>
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<h2 class="start2">
<span class="green">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
</h2>
<h1>
<a id="p275"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p275&nbsp;</span></a>
Book&nbsp;IV
</h1>
<p class="start justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R13">13</a>
<a class="sec" name="18">(18)</a>&nbsp;To confer distinction upon style is to render it ornate,​<a class="ref" id="ref1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a> embellishing it by variety. The divisions under Distinction are Figures of Diction and the Figures of Thought.​<a class="ref" id="ref2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
It is a figure of diction if the adornment is comprised in the fine
polish of the language itself. A&nbsp;figure of thought derives a
certain distinction from the idea, not from the words.
</p><p class="start2 center">
*&nbsp;*&nbsp;*
</p><p class="start2 justify" id="epanaphora">
<a class="sec" name="19">19</a>&nbsp;Epanaphora​<a class="ref" id="ref3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a> occurs when one and the same word forms successive beginnings for phrases expressing
<a id="p277"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p277&nbsp;</span></a>like and
different ideas, as follows: "To you must go the credit for this, to you
are thanks due, to you will this act of yours bring glory." Again:
"Scipio razed Numantia, Scipio destroyed Carthage, Scipio brought peace,
Scipio saved the state." Again: "You venture to enter the Forum? You
venture to face the light? You venture to come into the sight of these
men? Dare you say a word? Dare you make a request of them? Dare you beg
off punishment?​<a class="ref" id="ref4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
What can you say in your defence? What do you dare to demand? What do
you think should be granted to you? Have you not violated your oath?
Have you not betrayed your friends? Have you not raised your hand
against your father? Have you not, I&nbsp;ask, wallowed in every shame?"
This figure has not only much charm, but also impressiveness and vigour
in highest degree; I&nbsp;therefore believe that it ought to be used
for both the embellishment and the amplification of style.
</p><p class="justify" id="antistrophe">
In Antistrophe​<a class="ref" id="ref5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
we repeat, not the first word in successive phrases, as in Epanaphora,
but the last, as follows: "It was by the justice of the Roman people
that the Carthaginians were conquered, by its force of arms that they
were conquered, by its generosity that they were conquered." Again: <span class="emend">"</span>Since
the time when from our state concord disappeared, liberty disappeared,
good faith disappeared, friendship disappeared, the common weal
disappeared." Again: "Gaius Laelius was a self-made man, a talented man,
a learned man, to good
<a id="p279"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p279&nbsp;</span></a>men and
good endeavour a friendly man; and so in the state he was the first
man." Again: "Is it acquittal by these men that you are demanding? Then
it is their perjury that you are demanding, it is their neglect of their
reputation that you are demanding, it is the surrender of the laws of
the Roman people to your caprice that you are demanding."<a class="ref" id="ref6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R14">14</a>
<a id="interlacement"></a>
<a class="sec" name="20">20</a>&nbsp;Interlacement​<a class="ref" id="ref7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
is the union of both figures, the combined use of Antistrophe and
Epanaphora, which are explained above; we repeat both the first word and
the last in a succession of phrase, as follows: "Who are they who have
often broken treaties? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have waged
war with severest cruelty? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have
marred the face of Italy? The Carthaginians. Who are they who now ask
for pardon? The Carthaginians.​<a class="ref" id="ref8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
See then how appropriate it is for them to gain their request." Again:
"One whom the Senate has condemned, one whom the Roman people has
condemned, one whom universal public opinion has condemned, would you by
your votes acquit such a one?"
</p><p class="justify" id="transplacement">
Transplacement​<a class="ref" id="ref9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
makes it possible for the same word to be frequently reintroduced, not
only without offence to good taste, but even so as to render the style
more elegant, as follows: "One who has nothing in life more desirable
than life cannot cultivate
<a id="p281"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p281&nbsp;</span></a>a virtuous life."​<a class="ref" id="ref10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a> Again: "You call him a man, who, had he been a man, would never so cruelly have sought another man's life.​<a class="ref" id="ref11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
But he was his enemy. Did he therefore wish thus to avenge himself upon
his enemy, only to prove himself his own enemy?" Again: "Leave riches
to the rich man, but as for you, to riches prefer virtue, for if you
will but compare riches with virtue, riches will in your eyes prove
scarcely worthy to be the lackeys of virtue."
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="21">21</a>&nbsp;To the same type of figure belongs
that which occurs when the same word is used first in one function, and
then in another,​<a class="ref" id="ref12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
as follows: "Why do you so zealously concern yourself with this matter,
which will cause you much concern?" Again: "To be dear to you would
bring me joy — if only I&nbsp;take care it shall not in anguish cost me
dear."​<a class="ref" id="ref13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a> Again: "I&nbsp;would leave this place, should the Senate give me leave."<a class="ref" id="ref14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
</p><p class="justify">
In the four kinds of figures which I&nbsp;have thus far set forth,​<a class="ref" id="ref15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
the frequent recourse to the same word is not dictated by verbal
poverty; rather there inheres in the repetition an elegance which the
ear can distinguish more easily than words can explain.
</p><p class="justify" id="p283"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p283&nbsp;</span>
<a class="chapter" name="R15">15</a>
<a id="antithesis"></a>
Antithesis​<a class="ref" id="ref16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
occurs when the style is built upon contraries, as follows: "Flattery
has pleasant beginnings, but also brings on bitterest endings."​<a class="ref" id="ref17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
Again: "To enemies you show yourself conciliatory, to friends
inexorable." Again: "When all is calm, you are confused; when all is in
confusion, you are calm. In a situation requiring all your coolness, you
are on fire; in one requiring all your ardour, you are cool.​<a class="ref" id="ref18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
When there is need for you to be silent, you are uproarious; when you
should speak, you grow mute. Present, you wish to be absent; absent, you
are eager to return.​<a class="ref" id="ref19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
In peace, you keep demanding war; in war, you yearn for peace. In the
Assembly, you talk of valour; in battle, you cannot for cowardice endure
the trumpet's sound." Embellishing our style by means of this figure we
shall be able to give it impressiveness and distinction.
</p><p class="justify" id="apostrophe">
<a class="sec" name="22">22</a>&nbsp;Apostrophe​<a class="ref" id="ref20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
is the figure which expresses grief or indignation by means of an
address to some man or city or place or object, as follows: "It is you
I&nbsp;now address, Africanus, whose name even in death means splendour
and glory to the state! It is your famous grandsons​<a class="ref" id="ref21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a> who by their own blood have fed the
<a id="p285"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p285&nbsp;</span></a>cruelty of their enemies." Again: "Perfidious Fregellae, how quickly, because of your crime, you have wasted away!​<a class="ref" id="ref22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
As a result, of the city whose brilliance but yesterday irradiated
Italy, scarce the debris of the foundations now remains." Again:
"Plotters against good citizens,​<a class="ref" id="ref23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
villains, you have sought the life of every decent man! Have you
assumed such power for your slanders thanks to the perversions of
justice?" If we use Apostrophe in its proper place, sparingly, and when
the importance of the subject seems to demand it,​<a class="ref" id="ref24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a> we shall instill in the hearer as much indignation as we desire.
</p><p class="justify" id="interrogation">
Not all Interrogation​<a class="ref" id="ref25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
is impressive or elegant, but that Interrogation is, which, when the
points against the adversaries' cause have been summed up, reinforces
the argument that has just been delivered, as follows: "So when you were
doing and saying and managing all this, were you, or were you not,
alienating and estranging from the republic the sentiments of our
allies? And was it, or was it not, needful to employ some one to thwart
these designs of yours and prevent their fulfilment?"<a class="ref" id="ref26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R16">16</a>
<a id="reasoning_by_question_and_answer"></a>
<a class="sec" name="23">23</a>&nbsp;Through the figure, Reasoning by Question and Answer,​<a class="ref" id="ref27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a> we ask ourselves the reason for every
<a id="p287"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p287&nbsp;</span></a>statement
we make, and seek the meaning of each successive affirmation, as
follows: "When our ancestors condemned a woman for one crime, they
considered that by this single judgement she was convicted of many
transgressions. How so? Judged unchaste, she was also deemed guilty of
poisoning.​<a class="ref" id="ref28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
Why? Because, having sold her body to the basest passion, she had to
live in fear of many persons. Who are these? Her husband, her parents,
and the others involved, as she sees, in the infamy of her dishonour.
And what then? Those whom she fears so much she would inevitably wish to
destroy. Why inevitably? Because no honourable motive can restrain a
woman who is terrified by the enormity of her crime, emboldened by her
lawlessness, and made heedless by the nature of her sex. Well now, what
did they think of a woman found guilty of poisoning? That she was
necessarily also unchaste? Why? because no motive could more easily have
led her to this crime than base love and unbridled lust. Furthermore,
if a woman's soul had been corrupted, they did not consider her body
chaste. Now then, did they observe this same principle with respect to
men? Not at all. And why? Because men are driven to each separate crime
by a different passion, whereas a woman is led into all crimes by one
sole passion."​<a class="ref" id="ref29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a> Again: "It is a good principle which our ancestors established, of not putting to death any king captured by force of arms.​<a class="ref" id="ref30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
Why is this so? Because it were unfair to use the advantage vouchsafed
to us by fortune to punish those whom the same fortune had but recently
placed in the highest station. But what
<a id="p289"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p289&nbsp;</span></a>of the
fact that he has led an army against us? I&nbsp;refuse to recall it.
Why? Because it is characteristic of a brave man to regard rivals for
victory as enemies, but when they have been vanquished to consider them
as fellow men,​<a class="ref" id="ref31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
in order that his bravery may avail to put an end to the war, and his
humanity to advance peace. But had that king prevailed, he would not,
would he, have done the same? No, no doubt he would have been less wise.
Why, then, do you spare him? Because it is my habit to scorn, not
emulate, such folly." <a class="sec" name="24">24</a>&nbsp;This figure
is exceedingly well adapted to a conversational style, and both by its
stylistic grace and the anticipation of the reasons, holds the hearer's
attention.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R17">17</a>
<a id="maxims"></a>
A&nbsp;Maxim​<a class="ref" id="ref32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
is a saying drawn from life, which shows concisely either what happens
or ought to happen in life, for example: "Every beginning is difficult."
Again: "Least in the habit of giving reverence to the virtues is he who
has always enjoyed the favours of fortune." Again: "A&nbsp;free man is
that man to be judged who is a slave to no base habit."​<a class="ref" id="ref33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a> Again: "As poor as the man who had not enough is the man who cannot have enough."​<a class="ref" id="ref34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a> Again: "Choose the noblest way of living; habit will make it enjoyable."​<a class="ref" id="ref35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
Simple maxims of this sort are not to be rejected, because, if no
reason is needed, the brevity of the statement has great charm. But
<a id="p291"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p291&nbsp;</span></a>we must
also favour that kind of maxim which is supported by an accompanying
reason, as follows: "All the rules for noble living should be based on
virtue, because virtue alone is within her own control, whereas all else
is subject to the sway of fortune."​<a class="ref" id="ref36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
Again: "Those who have cultivated a man's friendship for his wealth one
and all fly from him as soon as his wealth has slipped away. For when
the motive of their intercourse has disappeared, there is nothing left
which can maintain that friendship."<a class="ref" id="ref37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
</p><p class="justify">
There are also maxims which are presented in double form. Without a reason,​<a class="ref" id="ref38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
as follows: "They who in prosperity think to have escaped all the
onslaughts of fortune are mistaken; they who in favourable times fear a
reversal are wise in their forethought."​<a class="ref" id="ref39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a> <a class="sec" name="25">25</a>&nbsp;With a reason,​<a class="ref" id="ref40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
as follows: "They who think that the sins of youth deserve indulgence
are deceived, because that time of life does not constitute a hindrance
to sound studious activities. But they act wisely who chastise the young
with especial severity in order to inculcate at the age most opportune
for it the desire to attain those virtues by which they can order their
whole lives."​<a class="ref" id="ref41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
We should insert maxims only rarely, that we may be looked upon as
pleading the case, not preaching morals. When so interspersed, they will
add much distinction. Furthermore, the hearer, when he
<a id="p293"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p293&nbsp;</span></a>perceives that an indisputable principle drawn from practical life is being applied to a cause, must give it his tacit approval.<a class="ref" id="ref42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R18">18</a>
<a id="reasoning_by_contraries"></a>
Reasoning by Contraries​<a class="ref" id="ref43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
is the figure which, of two opposite statements, uses one so as neatly
and directly to prove the other, as follows: "Now how should you expect
one who has ever been hostile to his own interests to be friendly to
another's?"​<a class="ref" id="ref44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
Again: "Now why should you think that one who is, as you have learned, a
faithless friend, can be an honourable enemy? Or how should you expect a
person whose arrogance has been insufferable in private life, to be
agreeable and not forget himself when in power, and one who in ordinary
conversation and among friends has never spoken the truth, to refrain
from lies before public assemblies?" Again: "Do we fear to fight them on
the level plain when we have hurled them down from the hills? When they
outnumbered us, they were no match for us; now that we outnumber them,
do we fear that they will conquer us?" <a class="sec" name="26">26</a>&nbsp;This
figure ought to be brief, and completed in an unbroken period.
Furthermore, it is not only agreeable to the ear on account of its brief
and complete <span class="whole">rounding-off</span>, but by means of
the contrary statement it also forcibly proves what the speaker needs to
prove; and from a statement which is not open to question it draws a
<a id="p295"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p295&nbsp;</span></a>thought
which is in question, in such a way that the inference cannot be
refuted, or can be refuted only with much the greatest difficulty.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R19">19</a>
<a id="colon"></a>
Colon or Clause​<a class="ref" id="ref45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
is the name given to a sentence member, brief and complete, which does
not express the entire thought, but is in turn supplemented by another
colon, as follows: "On the one hand you were helping your enemy." That
is one <span class="whole">so‑called</span> colon; it ought then to be
supplemented by a second: "And on the other you were hurting your
friend." This figure can consist of two cola, but it is neatest and most
complete when composed of three, as follows: "You were helping your
enemy, you were hurting your friend, and you were not consulting your
own best interests."​<a class="ref" id="ref46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
Again: "You have not consulted the welfare of the republic, nor have
you helped your friends, nor have you resisted your enemies."
</p><p class="justify" id="comma">
It is called a Comma or Phrase​<a class="ref" id="ref47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
when single words are set apart by pauses in staccato speech, as
follows: "By your vigour, voice, looks you have terrified your
adversaries." Again: "You have destroyed your enemies by jealousy,
injuries, influence, perfidy."
<a id="p297"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p297&nbsp;</span></a>There is
this difference in onset between the last figure and the one preceding:
the former moves upon its object more slowly and less often, the latter
strikes more quickly and frequently. Accordingly in the first figure it
seems that the arm draws back and the hand whirls about to bring the
sword to the adversary's body, while in the second his body is as it
were pierced with quick and repeated thrusts.
</p><p class="justify" id="period">
<a class="sec" name="27">27</a>&nbsp;A&nbsp;Period​<a class="ref" id="ref48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a> is a <span class="whole">close-packed</span>
and uninterrupted group of words embra­cing a complete thought. We
shall best use it in three places: in a Maxim, in a Contrast,​<a class="ref" id="ref49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
and in Conclusion. In a Maxim as follows: "Fortune cannot much harm him
who has built his support more firmly upon virtue than upon chance." In
a Contrast, as follows: "For if a person has not placed much hope in
chance, what great harm can chance do to him?" In a Conclusion, as
follows: "But if Fortune has her greatest power over those who have
committed all their plans to chance, we should not entrust our all with
her, lest she gain too great a domination over us."​<a class="ref" id="ref50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a>
In these three types a compact style is so necessary for the force of
the period that the orator's power seems inadequate if he fails to
present the Maxim, Contrast, or Conclusion in a press of words. But in
other cases as well it is often proper, although not imperative, to
express certain thoughts by means of periods of this sort.
</p><p class="justify" id="p299"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p299&nbsp;</span>
<a class="chapter" name="R20">20</a>
<a id="isocolon"></a>
We call Isocolon​<a class="ref" id="ref51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a> the figure comprised of cola (discussed above)​<a class="ref" id="ref52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
which consist of a virtually equal number of syllables. To effect the
isocolon we shall not count the syllables — for that is surely childish —
but experience and practice will bring such a facility that by a sort
of instinct we can produce again a colon of equal length to the one
before it, as follows: "The father was meeting death in battle; the son
was planning marriage at his home. These omens wrote grievous
disasters." Again: "Another man's prosperity is the gift of fortune, but
this man's good character has been won by hard work." <a class="sec" name="28">28</a>&nbsp;In this figure it may often happen that the number of syllables seems equal without being precisely so​<a class="ref" id="ref53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
— as when one colon is shorter than the other by one or even two
syllables, or when one colon contains more syllables, and the other
contains one or more longer or <span class="whole">fuller-sounding</span>
syllables, so that the length or fullness of sound of these matches and
counterbalances the greater number of syllables in the other.
</p><p class="justify" id="homoeoptoton">The figure called Homoeoptoton​<a class="ref" id="ref54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a> occurs when in the same period two or more words appear in the same case, and with like termination, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hominem laudem egentem virtutis, abundantem felicitatis?</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a> Again: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Huic omnis in pecunia spes est, a&nbsp;sapientia est animus remotus; diligentia conparat divitias, neglegentia corrumpit animum,
<a id="p301"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p301&nbsp;</span></a>et tamen, cum ita vivit, neminem prae&nbsp;se ducit hominem.</span>"<a class="ref" id="ref56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="homoeoteleuton">Homoeoteleuton​<a class="ref" id="ref57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
occurs when the word endings are similar, although the words are
indeclinable, as follows: "You dare to act dishonourably, you strive to
talk despicably; you live hatefully, you sin zealously, you speak
offensively." Again: "Blusteringly you threaten; cringingly you
appease."<a class="ref" id="ref58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
</p><p class="justify">
These two figures, of which one depends on like word endings and the
other on like case endings, are very much of a piece. And that is why
those who use them well generally set them together in the same passage
of a discourse. One should effect this in the following way: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Perditissima ratio est amorem petere, pudorem fugere, diligere formam, neglegere famam.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a> Here the declinable words​<a class="ref" id="ref60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a> close with like case endings, and those lacking cases​<a class="ref" id="ref61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a> close with like terminations.<a class="ref" id="ref62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R21">21</a>
<a id="paronomasia"></a>
<a class="sec" name="29">29</a>&nbsp;Paronomasia​<a class="ref" id="ref63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a> is the figure in which, by means of a modification in sound, or change of letters, a close resemblance to a given verb or noun​<a class="ref" id="ref64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a> is produced,
<a id="p303"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p303&nbsp;</span></a>so that
similar words express dissimilar things. This is accomplished by many
different methods: (1)&nbsp;by thinning or contracting​<a class="ref" id="ref65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a> the same letter, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hic qui se magnifice iactat atque ostentat, venīt antequam Romam venĭt</span>;"​<a class="ref" id="ref66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a> (2)&nbsp;and by the reverse: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hic quos homines alea vincĭt, eos ferro statim vincīt</span>;"​<a class="ref" id="ref67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a> (3)&nbsp;by lengthening the same letter, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hinc ăvium dulcedo ducit ad āvium</span>;"​<a class="ref" id="ref68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a> (4)&nbsp;by shortening the same letter: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hic, tametsi videtur esse honoris cupidus, tantum tamen cūriam diligit quantum Cŭriam?</span>";​<a class="ref" id="ref69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a> (5)&nbsp;by adding letters, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hic sibi posset temperare, nisi amori mallet obtemperare</span>";​<a class="ref" id="ref70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a> (6)&nbsp;and now by omitting letters, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Si lenones vitasset tamquam leones, vitae tradidisset se</span>";​<a class="ref" id="ref71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a> (7)&nbsp;by transposing letters, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Videte, iudices, utrum homini
<a id="p305"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p305&nbsp;</span></a>navo an vano credere malitis</span>";​<a class="ref" id="ref72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a> (8)&nbsp;by changing letters, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Deligere oportet quem velis diligere</span>."<a class="ref" id="ref73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
</p><p class="justify">
These are word-plays which depend on a slight change or lengthening or transposition of letters, and the like. <a class="chapter" name="R22">22</a>&nbsp;<a class="sec" name="30">30</a>&nbsp;There
are others also in which the words lack so close a resemblance, and yet
are not dissimilar. Here is an example of one kind of such word-plays: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Quid veniam, qui sim, quem insimulem, cui prosim, quae postulem, brevi cognoscetis.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
For in this example there is a sort of resemblance among certain words,
not so complete, to be sure, as in the instances above, yet sometimes
serviceable. An example of another kind: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Demus operam, Quirites, ne omnino patres conscripti circumscripti putentur.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
In this paronomasia the resemblance is closer than in the preceding,
yet is not so close as in those above, because some letters are added
and some at the same time removed.
</p><p class="justify" id="p307"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p307&nbsp;</span>
There is a&nbsp;third form of paronomasia, depending on a change of case in one or more proper nouns.​<a class="ref" id="ref76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a> <a class="sec" name="31">31</a>&nbsp;In
one noun, as follows: "Alexander of Macedon with consummate toil from
boyhood trained his mind to virtue. Alexander's virtues have been
broadcast with fame and glory throughout world. All men greatly feared
Alexander, yet deeply loved him. Had longer life been granted Alexander,
the Macedonian lances would have flown across the ocean."​<a class="ref" id="ref77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a>
Here a single noun has been inflected, undergoing changes of case.
Several different nouns, with change of case, will produce a
paronomasia, as follows:​<a class="ref" id="ref78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a>
"An undeserved death by violence prevented Tiberius Gracchus, while
guiding the republic, from abiding longer therein. There befell Gaius
Gracchus a like fate, which of a sudden tore from the bosom of the state
a hero and staunch patriot. Saturninus, victim of his faith in wicked
men, a treacherous crime deprived of life. O&nbsp;Drusus, your blood
bespattered the walls of your home, and your mother's face.​<a class="ref" id="ref79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a> They were only now granting to Sulpicius every concession,​<a class="ref" id="ref80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a> yet soon
<a id="p309"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p309&nbsp;</span></a>they suffered him not to live, nor even to be buried."<a class="ref" id="ref81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="32">32</a>&nbsp;These last three figures — the
first based on like case inflections, the second on like word endings,
and the third on paronomasia — are to be used very sparingly when we
speak in an actual cause, because their invention seems impossible
without labour and pains. <a class="chapter" name="R23">23</a>
Such endeavours, indeed, seem more suitable for a speech of entertainment than for use in an actual cause.​<a class="ref" id="ref82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
Hence the speaker's credibility, impressiveness, and seriousness are
lessened by crowding these figures together. Furthermore, apart from
destroying the speaker's authority, such a style gives offence because
these figures have grace and elegance, but not impressiveness and
beauty. Thus the grand and <span class="whole">beauti</span>­ful can give pleasure for a long time, but the neat and graceful quickly sate the hearing, the most fastidious of the senses.​<a class="ref" id="ref83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a> If, then, we crowd these figures together, we shall seem to be taking delight in a childish style;​<a class="ref" id="ref84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
but if we insert them infrequently and scatter them with variations
throughout the whole discourse, we shall brighten our style agreeably
with striking ornaments.
</p><p class="justify" id="p311"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p311&nbsp;</span>
<a id="hypophora"></a>
<a class="sec" name="33">33</a>&nbsp;Hypophora​<a class="ref" id="ref85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
occurs when we enquire of our adversaries, or ask ourselves, what the
adversaries can say in their favour, or what can be said against us;
then we subjoin what ought or ought not to be said — that which will be
favourable to us or, by the same token, be prejudicial to the
opposition, as follows: "I&nbsp;ask, therefore, from what source has the
defendant become so wealthy? Has an ample patrimony been left to him?
But his father's goods were sold. Has some bequest come to him? That
cannot be urged; on the contrary he has even been disinherited by all
his kin. Has he received some award from a civil action, whether in the
older or the more recent form of procedure?​<a class="ref" id="ref86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a> Not only is that not the case, but recently he himself lost a huge sum on a wager at law.​<a class="ref" id="ref87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
Therefore, if, as you all see, he has not grown rich by these means,
either he has a gold mine in his home, or he has acquired monies from an
illicit source."
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R24">24</a>
Another example: "Time and time again, men of the jury, have&nbsp;I
observed that numerous defendants look for support in some honourable
deed which not even their enemies can impeach. My adversary can do no
such thing. Will he take refuge in his father's virtue? On the contrary,
you have taken your oath and condemned him to death. Or will he turn to
his own life? What life, and wherein lived honourably? Why, the life
that this man has lived before your eyes is known to all of you. Or will
he enumerate his kinsmen, by whom you should be moved? But he has not
any. He will produce
<a id="p313"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p313&nbsp;</span></a>friends? But there is no one who does not consider it disgraceful to be called that fellow's friend."​<a class="ref" id="ref88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a>
Again: "Your enemy, whom you considered to be guilty, you doubtless
summoned him to trial? No, for you slew him while he was yet
unconvicted. Did you respect the laws which forbid this act? On the
contrary, you decided that they did not even exist in the books. When he
reminded you of your old friendship, were you moved? No, you killed him
nevertheless, and with even greater eagerness. And then when his
children grovelled at your feet, were you moved to pity? No, in your
extreme cruelty you even prevented their father's burial."​<a class="ref" id="ref89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a> <a class="sec" name="34">34</a>&nbsp;There
is much vigour and impressiveness in this figure because, after having
posed the question, "What ought to have been done", we subjoin that that
was not done.​<a class="ref" id="ref90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a> Thus it becomes very easy to amplify the baseness of the act.
</p><p class="justify">
In another form of same figure we refer the hypophora to our own person,​<a class="ref" id="ref91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
as follows: "Now what should&nbsp;I have done when I&nbsp;was
surrounded by so great a force of Gauls? Fight? But then our advance
would have been with a small band. Furthermore, we held a most
unfavourable position. Remain in camp? But we neither had reinforcements
to look for, nor the wherewithal to keep alive. Abandon the camp? But
we were blocked. Sacrifice the lives of the soldiers? But I&nbsp;thought
I&nbsp;had accepted them on the stipulation that so far as possible
I&nbsp;should preserve them unharmed for their fatherland and their
parents. Reject the enemy's terms? But the safety
<a id="p315"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p315&nbsp;</span></a>of the soldiers has priority over that of the baggage."​<a class="ref" id="ref92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a>
The result of an accumulation of this kind of hypophora is to make it
seem obvious that of all the possibilities nothing preferable to the
thing done could have been done.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R25">25</a>
<a id="climax"></a>
Climax​<a class="ref" id="ref93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
is the figure in which the speaker passes to the following word only
after advancing by steps to the preceding one, as follows: "Now what
remnant of the hope of liberty survives, if those men <i>may</i> do what they <i>please</i>,​<a class="ref" id="ref94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a> if they <i>can</i> do what they <i>may</i>, if they <i>dare</i> do what they <i>can</i>, if they <i>do</i> what they <i>dare</i>, and if you <i>approve</i> what they <i>do</i>?"
Again: "I&nbsp;did not conceive this without counselling it; I&nbsp;did
not counsel it without myself at once undertaking it; I&nbsp;did not
undertake it without completing it; nor did&nbsp;I complete it without
winning approval of it."​<a class="ref" id="ref95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a> Again: "The industry of Africanus brought him excellence, his excellence glory, his glory rivals."​<a class="ref" id="ref96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a> Again: "The empire of Greece belonged to the Athenians; the Athenians were <span class="whole">over­powered</span>
by the Spartans; the Spartans were overcome by the Thebans; the Thebans
were conquered by the Macedonians; and the Macedonians in a short time
subdued Asia in war and joined her to the empire
<a id="p317"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p317&nbsp;</span></a>of Greece." <a class="sec" name="35">35</a>&nbsp;The constant repetition of the proceeding word, characteristic of this figure, carries a certain charm.
</p><p class="justify" id="definition">
Definition​<a class="ref" id="ref97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a>
in brief and clear-cut fashion grasps the characteristic qualities of a
thing, as follows: "The sovereign majesty of the republic is that which
comprises the dignity and grandeur of the state."​<a class="ref" id="ref98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a>
Again: "By an injury is meant doing violence to some one, to his person
by assault, or to his sensibilities by insulting language, or to his
reputation by some scandal."​<a class="ref" id="ref99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
Again: That is not economy on your part, but greed, because economy is
careful conservation of one's own goods, and greed is wrongful
covetousness of the goods of others." Again: "That act of yours is not
bravery, but recklessness, because to be brave is to disdain toil and
peril, for a useful purpose and after weighing the advantages, while to
be reckless is to undertake perils like a gladiator, suffering pain
without taking thought."​<a class="ref" id="ref100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
Definition is accounted useful for this reason: it sets forth the full
meaning and character of a thing so lucidly and briefly that to express
it in more words seems superfluous, and to express it in fewer is
considered impossible.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R26">26</a>
<a id="transition"></a>
Transition​<a class="ref" id="ref101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a> is the name given to the figure which briefly recalls what has been said, and likewise
<a id="p319"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p319&nbsp;</span></a>briefly
sets forth what is to follow next, thus: "You know how he has just been
conducting himself towards his fatherland; now consider what kind of son
he has been to his parents."​<a class="ref" id="ref102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a>
Again: "My benefactions to this defendant you know; now learn how he
has requited me." This figure is not without value for two ends: it
reminds the hearer of what the speaker has said, and also prepares him
for what is to come.
</p><p class="justify" id="correction">
<a class="sec" name="36">36</a>&nbsp;Correction​<a class="ref" id="ref103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a>
retracts what has been said and replaces it with what seems more
suitable, as follows: "But if the defendant had asked his hosts, or
rather had only hinted, this could easily have been accomplished."
Again: "After the men in question had conquered, or rather had been
conquered — for how shall&nbsp;I call that a conquest which has brought
more disaster than benefit to the conquerors?" Again: "O&nbsp;Virtue's
companion, Envy, who art wont to pursue good men, yes, even to persecute
them."​<a class="ref" id="ref104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a> This figure makes an impression upon the hearer, for the idea when expressed by an ordinary word seems rather feebly <span class="whole">stated</span>,
but after the speaker's own amendment it is made more striking by means
of the more appropriate expression. "Then would it not be preferable,"
some one will say, "especially in writing, to resort to the best and
choicest word at the beginning?" Sometimes this is not preferable, when,
as the change of word will serve to show, the thought is such that in
rendering it by an ordinary
<a id="p321"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p321&nbsp;</span></a>word you
seem to have expressed it rather feebly, but having come to a choicer
word you make the thought more striking. But if you had at once arrived
at this word, the grace neither of the thought nor of the word would
have been noticed.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R27">27</a>
<a id="paralipsis"></a>
<a class="sec" name="37">37</a>&nbsp;Paralipsis​<a class="ref" id="ref105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a>
occurs when we say that we are passing by, or do not know, or refuse to
say that which precisely now we are saying, as follows: "Your boyhood,
indeed, which you dedicated to intemperance of all kinds, I&nbsp;would
discuss, if I&nbsp;thought this the right time. But at present
I&nbsp;advisedly leave that aside. This too I&nbsp;pass by, that the
tribunes have reported you as irregular in military service. Also that
you have given satisfaction to Lucius Labeo for injuries done him
I&nbsp;regard as irrelevant to the present matter. Of these things
I&nbsp;say nothing, but return to the issue in this trial."​<a class="ref" id="ref106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a>
Again: "I&nbsp;do not mention that you have taken monies from our
allies; I&nbsp;do not concern myself with your having despoiled the
cities, kingdoms, and homes of them all. I&nbsp;pass by your thieveries
and robberies, all of them." This figure is useful if employed in a
matter which is not pertinent to call specifically to the attention of
others, because there is advantage in making only an indirect reference
to it, or because the direct reference would be tedious or undignified,
or cannot be made clear, or can easily be refuted. As a result, it is of
greater advantage to create a suspicion by Paralipsis than to insist
directly on a statement that is refutable.<a class="ref" id="ref107" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note107" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">107</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="p323"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p323&nbsp;</span>
<a id="disjunction"></a>
Disjunction​<a class="ref" id="ref108" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note108" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">108</a>
is used when each of two or more clauses ends with a special verb, as
follows: "By the Roman people Numantia was destroyed, Carthage razed,
Corinth demolished, Fregellae overthrown. Of no aid to the Numantines
was bodily strength; of no assistance to the Carthaginians was military
science; of no help to the Corinthians was polished cleverness; of no
avail to the Fregellans was <span class="whole">fellow</span>­ship with us in customs and in language."​<a class="ref" id="ref109" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note109" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">109</a> Again: "With disease physical beauty fades, with age it dies."​<a class="ref" id="ref110" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note110" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">110</a> In this example we see both clauses, and in the preceding each several clause ending with a special verb.
</p><p class="justify" id="conjunction">
<a class="sec" name="38">38</a>&nbsp;Conjunction​<a class="ref" id="ref111" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note111" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">111</a>
occurs when both the previous and the succeeding phrases are held
together by place and the verb between them, as follows: "Either with
disease physical beauty fades, or with age."
</p><p class="justify" id="adjunction">
It is Adjunction​<a class="ref" id="ref112" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note112" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">112</a>
when the verb holding the sentence together is placed not in the
middle, but at the beginning or the end. At the beginning, as follows:
"Fades physical beauty with disease or age." At the end, as follows:
"Either with disease or age physical beauty fades."
</p><p class="justify">
Disjunction is suited to elegant display, and so we shall use it
moderately, that it may not cloy; Conjunction is suited to brevity, and
hence is to be used more frequently. These three figures spring from a
single type.
</p><p class="justify" id="p325"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p325&nbsp;</span>
<a class="chapter" name="R28">28</a>
<a id="reduplication"></a>
Reduplication​<a class="ref" id="ref113" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note113" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">113</a>
is the repetition of one or more words for the purpose of Amplification
or Appeal to Pity, as follows: "You are promoting riots, Gaius
Gracchus, yes, civil and internal riots." Again: "You were not moved
when his mother embraced your knees? You were not moved?"​<a class="ref" id="ref114" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note114" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">114</a>
Again: "You now even dare to come into the sight of these citizens,
traitor to the fatherland? Traitor, I&nbsp;say, to the fatherland, you
dare come into the sight of these citizens?" The reiteration of the same
word makes a deep impression upon the hearer and inflicts a major wound
upon the opposition — as if a weapon should repeatedly pierce the same
part of the body.
</p><p class="justify" id="synonymy">
Synonymy or Interpretation​<a class="ref" id="ref115" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note115" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">115</a>
is the figure which does not duplicate the same word by repeating it,
but replaces the word that has been used by another of the same meaning,
as follows: "You have overturned the republic from its roots; you have
demolished the state from its foundations." Again: "You have impiously
beaten your father; you have cruelly laid hands upon your parent." The
hearer cannot but be impressed when the force of the first expression is
renewed by the explanatory synonym.
</p><p class="justify" id="reciprocal_change">
<a class="sec" name="39">39</a>&nbsp;Reciprocal Change​<a class="ref" id="ref116" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note116" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">116</a>
occurs when two discrepant thoughts are so expressed by transposition
that the latter follows from the former although contradictory to it, as
follows: "You must eat to live, not live to
<a id="p327"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p327&nbsp;</span></a>eat."​<a class="ref" id="ref117" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note117" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">117</a>
Again: "I&nbsp;do not write poems, because I&nbsp;cannot write the sort
I&nbsp;wish, and I&nbsp;do not wish to write the sort I&nbsp;can."​<a class="ref" id="ref118" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note118" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">118</a>
Again: "What can be told of that man is not being told; what is being
told of him cannot be told." Again: "A&nbsp;poem ought to be a painting
that speaks; a&nbsp;painting ought to be a silent poem."​<a class="ref" id="ref119" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note119" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">119</a>
Again: "If you are a fool, for that reason you should be silent; and
yet, although you should be silent, you are not for that reason a fool."
One cannot deny that the effect is neat when in juxtaposing contrasted
ideas the words also are transposed. In order to make this figure, which
is hard to invent, quite clear, I&nbsp;have subjoined several examples —
so that, well understood, it may be easier for the speaker to invent.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R29">29</a>
<a id="surrender"></a>
Surrender​<a class="ref" id="ref120" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note120" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">120</a>
is used when we indicate in speaking that we yield and submit the whole
matter to another's will, as follows: "Since only soul and body remain
to me, now that I&nbsp;am deprived of everything else, even these, which
alone of many goods are left me, I&nbsp;deliver up to you and to your
power. You may use and even abuse me​<a class="ref" id="ref121" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note121" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">121</a> in your own way as you think best; with impunity make your decision upon me, whatever it may be; speak and give a sign
<a id="p329"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p329&nbsp;</span></a>—
&nbsp;I&nbsp;shall obey." Although this figure is often to be used also
in other circumstances, it is especially suited to provoking pity.
</p><p class="justify" id="indecision">
<a class="sec" name="40">40</a>&nbsp;Indecision occurs when the speaker
seems to ask which of two or more words he had better use, as follows:
"At that time the republic suffered exceedingly from — ought&nbsp;I to
say — the folly of the consuls, or their wickedness, or both."​<a class="ref" id="ref122" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note122" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">122</a> Again: "You have dared to say that, you of all men the — by what name worthy of your character shall&nbsp;I call you?"<a class="ref" id="ref123" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note123" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">123</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="elimination">
Elimination​<a class="ref" id="ref124" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note124" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">124</a>
occurs when we have enumerated the several ways by which something
could have been brought about, and all are then discarded except the one
on which we are insisting, as follows: "Since it is established that
the estate you claim as yours was mine, you must show that you took
possession of it as vacant land, or made it your property by right of
prescription, or bought it, or that it came to you by inheritance. Since
I&nbsp;was on the premises, you could not have taken possession of it
as vacant land. Even by now you cannot have made it your property by
right of prescription. No sale is disclosed. Since I&nbsp;am alive, my
property could not have come to you by inheritance. It remains, then,
that you have expelled me by force from my estate." <a class="sec" name="41">41</a>&nbsp;This figure will furnish the strongest support to conjectural arguments, but unlike most other figures, it is not one
<a id="p331"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p331&nbsp;</span></a>which we can use at will, for in general we can use it only when the very nature of the business gives us the opportunity.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R30">30</a>
<a id="asyndeton"></a>
Asyndeton​<a class="ref" id="ref125" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note125" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">125</a>
is a presentation in separate parts, conjunctions being suppressed, as
follows: "Indulge your father, obey your relatives, gratify your
friends, submit to the laws." Again: "Enter into a complete defence,
make no objection, give your slaves to be examined, be eager to find the
truth." This figure has animation and great force,​<a class="ref" id="ref126" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note126" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">126</a> and is suited to concision.
</p><p class="justify" id="aposiopesis">
Aposiopesis​<a class="ref" id="ref127" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note127" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">127</a>
occurs when something is said and then the rest of what the speaker had
begun to say is left unfinished, as follows: "The contest between you
and me is unequal​<a class="ref" id="ref128" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note128" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">128</a>
because, so far as concerns me, the Roman people — I&nbsp;am unwilling
to say it, lest by chance some one think me proud. But you the Roman
people has often considered worthy of disgrace." Again: "You dare to say
that, who recently at another's home — I&nbsp;shouldn't dare tell, lest
in saying things becoming to you, I&nbsp;should seem to say something
unbecoming to me."​<a class="ref" id="ref129" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note129" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">129</a> Here a suspicion, unexpressed, becomes more telling than a detailed explanation would have been.<a class="ref" id="ref130" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note130" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">130</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="conclusion">
Conclusion,​<a class="ref" id="ref131" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note131" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">131</a> by means of a brief argument, deduces the necessary consequences of what has been said or
<a id="p333"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p333&nbsp;</span></a>done
before, as follows: "But if the oracle had predicted to the Danaans that
Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Philoctetes, and these
arrows moreover served only to smite Alexander, then certainly killing
Alexander was the same as taking Troy."<a class="ref" id="ref132" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note132" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">132</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R31">31</a>
<a class="sec" name="42">42</a>&nbsp;There remain also ten Figures of
Diction, which I&nbsp;have intentionally not scattered at random, but
have separated from those above, because they all belong in one class.
They indeed all have this in command, that the language departs from the
ordinary meaning of the words​<a class="ref" id="ref133" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note133" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">133</a> and is, with a certain grace, applied in another sense.
</p><p class="justify" id="onomatopoeia">
Of&nbsp;these figures the first is Onomatopoeia,​<a class="ref" id="ref134" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note134" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">134</a>
which suggests to us that we should ourselves designate with a suitable
word, whether for the sake of imitation or expressiveness, a thing
which either lacks a name​<a class="ref" id="ref135" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note135" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">135</a>
or has an inappropriate name. For the sake of imitation, as follows:
our ancestors, for example, said "roar," "bellow," "murmur," "hiss;" for
the sake of expressiveness, as follows:
<a id="p335"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p335&nbsp;</span></a>"after
this creature attacked the republic, there was a hullabaloo among the
first men of the state." This figure is to be used rarely, lest the
frequent recurrence of the neologism breed aversion; but if it is used
appropriately and sparingly, then the novelty, far from offending, even
gives distinction to the style.
</p><p class="justify" id="antonomasia">
Antonomasia​<a class="ref" id="ref136" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note136" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">136</a>
or Pronomination designates by a kind of adventitious epithet a thing
that cannot be called by its proper name; for example, if some one
speaking of the Gracchi should say: "Surely the grandsons of Africanus
did not behave like this!"; or again, if some one speaking of his
adversary should say: "See now, men of the jury, how your
Sir&nbsp;Swashbuckler​<a class="ref" id="ref137" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note137" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">137</a>
there has treated me." In this way we shall be able, not without
elegance, in praise and in censure, concerning physical attributes,
qualities of character, or external circumstances,​<a class="ref" id="ref138" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note138" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">138</a> to express ourselves by using a kind of epithet in place of the precise name.<a class="ref" id="ref139" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note139" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">139</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R32">32</a>
<a id="metonymy"></a>
<a class="sec" name="43">43</a>&nbsp;Metonymy​<a class="ref" id="ref140" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note140" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">140</a>
is the figure which draws from an object closely akin or associated an
expression suggesting the object meant, but not called by its own name.
This is accomplished by substituting the name of the greater thing for
that of the lesser, as if one speaking of the Tarpeian Rock should term
it "the Capitoline"; .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;; or by substituting the name
of the thing invented for that of the inventor, as if one should say
"wine" for "Liber," "wheat" for "Ceres";​<a class="ref" id="ref141" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note141" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">141</a> ".&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;;" or the instrument for the possessor, as if one should refer to the Macedonians
<a id="p337"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p337&nbsp;</span></a>as
follows: "Not so quickly did the Lances get possession of Greece," and
likewise, meaning the Gauls: "nor was the Transalpine Pike so easily
driven from Italy"; the cause for the effect, as if a speaker, wishing
to show that some one has done something in war, should say: "Mars
forced you to do that"; or effect for cause, as when we call an art idle
because it produces idleness in people, or speak of numb cold because
cold produces numbness.​<a class="ref" id="ref142" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note142" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">142</a>
Content will be designated by means of container as follows: "Italy
cannot be vanquished in warfare nor Greece in studies"; for here instead
of Greeks and Italians the lands that comprise them are designated.
Container will be designated by means of content:​<a class="ref" id="ref143" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note143" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">143</a>
as if one wishing to give a name to wealth should call it gold or
silver or ivory. It is harder to distinguish all these metonymies in
teaching the principle than to find them when searching for them, for
the use of metonymies of this kind is abundant not only amongst the
poets and orators but also in everyday speech.
</p><p class="justify" id="periphrasis">
Periphrasis​<a class="ref" id="ref144" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note144" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">144</a>
is a manner of speech used to express a simple idea by means of a
circumlocution, as follows: "The foresight of Scipio crushed the power
of Carthage." For here, if the speaker had not designed to embellish the
style, he might simply have said "Scipio" and "Carthage."
</p><p class="justify" id="hyperbaton">
<a class="sec" name="44">44</a>&nbsp;Hyperbaton​<a class="ref" id="ref145" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note145" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">145</a> upsets the word order by means either of Anastrophe​<a class="ref" id="ref146" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note146" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">146</a> or Transposition. By Anastrophe,
<a id="p339"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p339&nbsp;</span></a>as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Hoc vobis deos immortales arbitror dedisse virtute pro vestra.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref147" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note147" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">147</a> By Transposition, as follows: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Instabilis in istum plurimum fortuna valuit. Omnes invidiose eripuit bene vivendi casus facultates.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref148" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note148" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">148</a>
A&nbsp;transposition of this kind, that does not render the thought
obscure, will be very useful for periods, which I&nbsp;have discussed
above;​<a class="ref" id="ref149" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note149" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">149</a> in these periods we ought to arrange the words in such a way as to approximate a poetic rhythm,​<a class="ref" id="ref150" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note150" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">150</a> so that the period can achieve perfect fullness and the highest finish.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R33">33</a>
<a id="hyperbole"></a>
Hyperbole​<a class="ref" id="ref151" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note151" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">151</a> is a manner of speech exaggerating the truth, whether for the sake of magnifying or minifying<a class="comment" onmouseover="return Ebox('(sic, thruout)',WIDTH,168)" onmouseout="nd();">º</a>
something. This is used independently, or with comparison.
Independently, as follows: "But if we maintain concord in the state, we
shall measure the empire's vastness by the rising and the setting of the
sun." Hyperbole with comparison
<a id="p341"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p341&nbsp;</span></a>is formed
from either equivalence or superiority. From equivalence, as follows:
"His body was as white as snow, his face burned like fire."​<a class="ref" id="ref152" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note152" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">152</a> From superiority, as follows: "From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than honey."​<a class="ref" id="ref153" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note153" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">153</a> Of the same type is the following: "So great was his splendour in arms that the sun's brilliance seemed dim by comparison."
</p><p class="justify" id="synecdoche">
Synecdoche​<a class="ref" id="ref154" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note154" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">154</a>
occurs when the whole is known from a small part or a part from the
whole. The whole is understood from a part in the following: "Were not
those nuptial flutes reminding you of his marriage?" Here the entire
marriage ceremony is suggested by one sign, the flutes. A&nbsp;part from
the whole, as if one should say to a person who displays himself in
luxurious garb or adornment: "You display your riches to me and vaunt
your ample treasures." <a class="sec" name="45">45</a>&nbsp;The plural
will be understood from the singular, as follows: "To the Carthaginian
came aid from the Spaniard, and from that fierce Transalpine. In Italy,
too, many a wearer of the toga shared the same sentiment." In the
following the singular will be understood from the plural: "Dread
disaster smote his breasts with grief; so, panting, from out his lungs'
very depth he sobbed for anguish." In the first example more than one
Spaniard, Gaul, and Roman citizen are understood, and in this last only
one breast and one lung.​<a class="ref" id="ref155" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note155" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">155</a> In the former the quantity is minified for the sake of elegance, in the latter exaggerated for the sake of impressiveness.
</p><p class="justify" id="p343"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p343&nbsp;</span>
<a id="catachresis"></a>
Catachresis​<a class="ref" id="ref156" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note156" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">156</a>
is the inexact use of a like and kindred word in place of the precise
and proper one, as follows: "The power of man is short," or "small
height," or "the long wisdom in the man," or "a&nbsp;mighty speech,"​<a class="ref" id="ref157" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note157" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">157</a>
or "to engage in a slight conversation." Here it is easy to understand
that words of kindred, but not identical, meaning have been transferred
on the principle of inexact use.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R34">34</a>
<a id="metaphor"></a>
Metaphor​<a class="ref" id="ref158" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note158" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">158</a>
occurs when a word applying to one thing is transferred to another,
because the similarity seems to justify this transference. Metaphor is
used for the sake of creating a vivid mental picture, as follows: "This
insurrection awoke Italy with sudden terror"; for the sake of brevity,​<a class="ref" id="ref159" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note159" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">159</a>
as follows: "The recent arrival of an army suddenly blotted out the
state"; for the sake of avoiding obscenity, as follows: "Whose mother
delights in daily marriages";​<a class="ref" id="ref160" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note160" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">160</a>
for the sake of magnifying, as follows: "No one's grief or disaster
could have appeased this creature's enmities and glutted his horrible
cruelty";​<a class="ref" id="ref161" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note161" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">161</a>
for the sake of minifying, as follows: "He boasts that he was of great
help because, when we were in difficulties, he lightly breathed a
favouring breath";​<a class="ref" id="ref162" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note162" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">162</a> for the sake of embellishment, as follows: "Some day the prosperity of the republic,
<a id="p345"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p345&nbsp;</span></a>which by
the malice of wicked men has withered away, will bloom again by the
virtue of the Conservatives." They say that a metaphor ought to be
restrained,​<a class="ref" id="ref163" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note163" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">163</a>
so as to be a transition with good reason to a kindred thing, and not
seem an indiscriminate, reckless, and precipitate leap to an unlike
thing.
</p><p class="justify" id="allegory">
<a class="sec" name="46">46</a>&nbsp;Allegory​<a class="ref" id="ref164" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note164" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">164</a>
is a manner of speech denoting one thing by the letter of the words,
but another by their meaning. It assumes three aspects: comparison,
argument, and contrast. It operates through a comparison when
a&nbsp;number of metaphors originating in a similarity in the mode of
expression are set together, as follows: "For when dogs act the part of
wolves, to what guardian, pray, are we going to entrust our herds of
cattle?" An Allegory is presented in the form of argument when a
similitude is drawn from a person or place or object in order to magnify
or minify, as if one should call Drusus a "faded reflection of the
Gracchi."​<a class="ref" id="ref165" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note165" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">165</a> An Allegory is drawn from a contrast​<a class="ref" id="ref166" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note166" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">166</a>
if, for example, one should mockingly call a spendthrift and voluptuary
frugal and thrifty. Both in this last type, based on a contrast, and in
the first above, drawn from a comparison, we can through the metaphor
make use of argument. In an Allegory operating through a comparison, as
follows: "What says this king — our Agamemnon, or rather, such is his
cruelty, our Atreus?" In an Allegory drawn from a contrast: for example,
if we should call some <span class="whole">unduti</span>­ful man who has beaten his father
<a id="p347"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p347&nbsp;</span></a>"Aeneas,"​<a class="ref" id="ref167" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note167" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">167</a> or an intemperate and adulterous man "Hippolytus."<a class="ref" id="ref168" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note168" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">168</a>
</p><p class="justify">
This is substantially all I&nbsp;have thought it necessary to say on the
Figures of Diction. Now the subject itself directs me to turn next to
the Figures of Thought.
</p><hr class="endnotes"><a id="endnotes"></a>
<h2>
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
</h2>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατασκευή</span> (sometimes <span lang="el" class="Greek">κόσμος</span>), which includes also <span lang="la" class="Latin">gravitas</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μεγαλοπρέπεια</span>) and <span lang="la" class="Latin">suavitas</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ ἡδύ</span>), as is made clear in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.lvi.69
</a>
below; see also
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#49" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 2.xv.49</a>. Ornamentation, worked out
exclusively by Figures, dominates our author's theory of Style. The
Atticists opposed this kind of domination; see
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#78" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 23.78‑24.79</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα</span> (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.viii.11
</a>
above) <span lang="el" class="Greek">λέξεως</span> and <span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα διανοίας</span>. The distinction, here met for the first time, is best discussed by Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9A*.html#1.01" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.1.10&nbsp;ff.
</a>
Fortunatianus, 3.10 (Halm, pp126‑7), divides figures of diction into the grammatical (<span lang="el" class="Greek">λέξεως</span>) and the rhetorical (<span lang="el" class="Greek">λόγου</span>), probably following
<a id="p275x"></a>a Stoic author. The ancients regarded Gorgias of Leontini (fifth century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>) as the inventor of <span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα</span>.
Our author's treatment is the oldest extant formal one, yet represents a
period preceding that of complete systematization (that of Quintilian
and Phoebammon). Tropes are considered at
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxi.42
</a>
below; the figures of thought begin at
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxv.47</a>. The ancient rhetoricians differ sometimes greatly,
sometimes slightly, in their definitions of figures, which became
excessively numerous as refinements were made in distinguishing them.
The line of demarcation between tropes and figures, and that between
figures of thought and figures of diction were often vague. See
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/home.html#8" target="index" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Bks.&nbsp;8 and&nbsp;9</a>, especially
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9A*.html#1" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.1.1&nbsp;ff.</a>; Julius Rufinianus, <i>De&nbsp;Schem. Dian.</i>&nbsp;1, in Halm, pp59‑60; Willy Barczat, <i>De&nbsp;figurarum disciplina atque auctoribus</i>, diss. Göttingen, 1904; Hermann Schrader in <i>Hermes</i>&nbsp;39&nbsp;(1904), 563‑603; Kroll, "Rhetorik," coll.&nbsp;1108‑12; Volkmann, pp415&nbsp;ff., 456&nbsp;ff.; Cousin, <i>Études sur Quintilien</i>, 1.437‑517, and vol.&nbsp;2.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπαναφορά</span>. <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιβολή</span> in Rutilius Lupus, 1.7 (Halm, p6) is the same figure but also allows the use of synonyms instead of repeating the precise word.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the epanaphora of <span lang="la" class="Latin">tu</span> in the passage from the speech
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#226" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 2.55.226)
</a>
delivered by L.&nbsp;Licinius Crassus <i>pro&nbsp;Plan<span class="emend">(c)</span>io</i> against M.&nbsp;Junius Brutus <i>c.</i>&nbsp;91&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>:
"You dare behold the light of day? You dare look these people in the
face? You dare present yourself in the forum, within the City, in the
plain view of the citizens? You do not tremble
<a id="p277x"></a>in fear of that corpse, you do not tremble in fear of the very images [of your ancestors]?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντιστροφή</span>. <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιφορά</span> in Rutilius Lupus 1.8 (Halm, pp6‑7). <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Disjunction,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#disjunction" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxvii.37
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
A&nbsp;free paraphrase of Aeschines, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Ctes.</i>&nbsp;198:
"Whoever, then, on the question of the penalty asks for your vote, is
asking for the remission of your anger; but whoever in the first speech
asks for your vote, is asking for the surrender of your oath, is asking
for the surrender of the law, is asking for the surrender of the
democratic constitution." The Greek original likewise illustrates
Antistrophe.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συμπλοκή</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aeschines, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Ctes.</i>&nbsp;202:
"Against yourself you are calling him, against the laws you are calling
him, against the democratic constitution you are calling
<a id="p279x"></a>him." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also the <span lang="la" class="Latin">complexio</span> (Résumé of an argument) of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xviii.28
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.31" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.31</a>, also cites the example, but without naming the figure. The
passage might have come from a debate of the sort engaged in by Cato the
Elder and Publius Scipio Nasica; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#note8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 3.ii.2
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πλοκή</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντιμετάθεσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">σύγκρισις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Alexander Numenii (first half of second Christian century), <i>De&nbsp;Schemat.</i>, in Spengel&nbsp;3.37: "It is noble to live if one but learns how one ought to live."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
This passage may belong to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> concerning the murder of Sulpicius,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Euripides, <i>Androm.</i>&nbsp;590‑1: "<i>You</i> a&nbsp;<i>man</i>, most cowardly even of cowards? Where have <i>you</i> any claim to consideration as a&nbsp;<i>man</i>?";
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/comicorumatticor02kockuoft#page/515/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Philemon, fragm.&nbsp;119, in Kock, <i>Com. Att. Fragm.</i>&nbsp;2.515</a>: "Tell me, have <i>you</i> any right to speak? <i>You</i> go prattling among <i>men</i> as though you were a <i>man</i>?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντανάκλασις</span>. <span lang="el" class="Greek">διαφορά</span> in Rutilius Lupus&nbsp;1.12 (Halm, p8). Akin to Paronomasia,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#paronomasia" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxi.29
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a>
Lit., "To be loved would be pleasant, if only we should take care that there is no bitterness in that love." Quintilian,
<a id="p281x"></a><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.69" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">9.3.69‑70</a>, considers this a flat pun even when used in jest, and quotes the example as something to be avoided, not imitated. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Lucretius/luc_rer4.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 4<BR>of the <I>de Natura Rerum</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'amari</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Lucretius 4.1133&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="a0 justify">
<a class="note" id="note14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
Lit., "I&nbsp;would come to you if the Senate should grant me permission." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the Pompeian distich, <i>Corp. Inscr. Lat.</i> 4.4971:
</p><div class="a0 b0" align="center"><table class="Latin inscription verse">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<p>
Sei quid Amor valeat nostei, sei te hominem scis,
</p><p>
Commiseresce mei, da veniam ut veniam.
</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="b0 justify">
"If you have learned the power of Love, if you know that you are human, pity me; give me leave to come."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiii.19‑xiv.21</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίθεσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίθετον</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">contrapositum</span>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.81" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Quintilian, 9.3.81)</a>. In
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'sumpta verbis</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;6.21</a>, a feature of the agreeable (<span lang="la" class="Latin">suave</span>) style. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.58
</a>
below, and <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">contrarium</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#reasoning_by_contraries" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xviii.25
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the saying assigned to Critias (leading spirit of the Thirty Tyrants) in Stobaeus, 3.14.2<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->:
"He who so bears himself towards his friends that he does everything to
oblige them, renders hateful for the future that which is a pleasure
for the nonce"; also
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/comicorumatticor02kockuoft#page/402/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Alexis, fragm.&nbsp;295, in Kock, <i>Com. Att. Fragm.</i> 2.402</a>: "Avoid a pleasure which brings harm in its wake."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="a0 justify">
<a class="note" id="note18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Sophocles, <i>Antig.</i>&nbsp;88: "You have a hot spirit for cold business";
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'Empedocles</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;465</a>: "Empedocles .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. coolly leapt into burning Aetna"; Alexander Numenii, <i>De&nbsp;Schemat.</i>, in Spengel&nbsp;3.36‑7: "They bathe the chilled men in hot springs."
</p><p class="i1 b0 a0 justify" id="p283x">
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;with our author's last example of Antithesis
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/epigrammatumant00couggoog#page/n359/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Anth.&nbsp;Pal.</i>&nbsp;11.305</a>: "Among grammarians you are a Platonist; but if asked about the doctrines of Plato, you are again a grammarian."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/serm2.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Satires, Book 2'+Lat2+LatSearch+'rus optas</SPAN>',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Serm.</i>&nbsp;2.7.28</a>: "At home you long for the country; in the country, <span class="whole">fickle</span> man, you extol to heaven the distant city."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀποστροφή</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκφώνησις</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.27" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.27</a>, considers as a figure only that kind of <span lang="la" class="Latin">exclamatio</span> which is simulated and artfully composed, and in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.97" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.97
</a>
assigns <span lang="la" class="Latin">exclamatio</span> to the figures of thought; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.38" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.38</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.24‑6</a>,
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.63" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.1.63</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
Cornelia, daughter of the elder Scipio Africanus, was the mother of the Gracchi.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the passage, often used by rhetoricians, in Aeschines, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Ctes.</i>&nbsp;133: "But Thebes, Thebes our <span class="whole">neighbour-state</span>,
has in one day been swept from the midst of Hellas." After
M.&nbsp;Fulvius Flaccus' bill granting Roman franchise to the Italian
allies failed to pass, Fregellae revolted and was destroyed
in&nbsp;125&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.ix.13
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxvii.37</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
Probably addressed to the public informers (<span lang="la" class="Latin">quadruplatores</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
A&nbsp;consideration of propriety, <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ πρέπον</span>. See note on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.x.15
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐρώτημα</span>. <span lang="la" class="Latin">Rogatio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#203" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.203</a>. Assigned by Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, to the figures of thought; see also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.7" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.7
</a>
on the "rhetorical question."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;71, on Philip:
"By these acts was he, or was he not, committing wrong, breaking treaty,
and violating the terms of peace? And was it, or was it not,
<a id="p285x"></a>right that some man of the Hellenes should come forth
to stop these incursions?" This passage was a favourite of the
rhetoricians. It may well be that our author has in mind Q.&nbsp;Varius
Hybrida, speaking on behalf of his law <span lang="la" class="Latin">de&nbsp;maiestate</span> (90&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>); see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.ix.13
</a>
above, and note.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">αἰτιολογία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐξετασμός</span>. Assigned by Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, to the figures of thought. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">sibi ipsi responsio</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#207" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.54.207
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.90" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.3.90</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxiv.34
</a>
below, with note; also <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀπόφασις</span> in Julius Rufinianus&nbsp;8 (Halm, p40; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀπόφασις</span> [<span lang="la" class="Latin">infitiatio</span>] in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xvii.27
</a>
above). To be distinguished from <span lang="la" class="Latin">ratiocinatio</span>, the Type of Issue (Reasoning from Analogy),
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xi.19
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
The same argument is used in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.contr7.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s <I>Controversiae</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'venefica</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Seneca, <i>Contr.</i>&nbsp;7.3(18).6</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5C*.html#11.39" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 5.11.39</a>:
"Would not an adulteress on trial for poisoning be regarded as
condemned by the judgement of Marcus Cato, who said that every
adulteress was the same as a poisoner?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
This was true, <i>e.g.</i>, of Perseus and Syphax, but not strictly of Jugurtha.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
For the sentiment <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Officiis/1B*.html#35" target="Cicero_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Offic.</i> 1.11.35&nbsp;ff.</a>;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/carmsaec.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Carmen Saeculare'+Lat2+LatSearch+'bellante</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Carm. Saec.</i>&nbsp;51&nbsp;f.</a>;
<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Vergilius/ver_ae06.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 6<BR>of Vergil\'s <I>Aeneid</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'subiectis</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Virgil, <i>Aeneid</i>&nbsp;6.853</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">γνώμη</span>. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.21 (1394<span class="small">A</span>‑1395<span class="small">B</span>), offers the classic treatment of maxims. On the virtue of brevity in maxims, see Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i>&nbsp;9. <span lang="la" class="Latin">Sententia</span> is excluded from the figures by Quintilian
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
(9.3.98)</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/paradoxa.shtml#35" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Paradoxa Stoic.</i> 5.35</a>: "All wicked men are therefore slaves — slaves, I&nbsp;say!";
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Zeno*.html#21" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Diogenes Laertius&nbsp;7.21</a>; Philo, <i>Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit</i>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
A&nbsp;saying of Epicurus: "nothing is 'enough' to him who deems 'enough' to be 'too little'&nbsp;" (C.&nbsp;Wotke in <i>Wiener Studien</i>&nbsp;10 [1888], 197, No.&nbsp;68).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
Attributed to Pythagoras (Stobaeus, 3.1.29<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->, and Plutarch,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_exilio*.html#T602c" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;exilio</i>&nbsp;8, 602<span class="small">C</span></a>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the Stoic principle assigned to Pythagoras in
Stobaeus, 3.1.29<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->: "This is God's law: Virtue is the strong and stable thing; all else is nonsense." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xix.27
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
The experience, for example, of Timon of Athens (the Misanthrope). For the sentiment see Otto, <i>s.v.</i>&nbsp;"amicus," p22, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Civil_Wars/3D*.html#104" target="Caesar_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Caesar, <i>Bellum Civ.</i> 3.104.1</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄνευ αἰτίας</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιλόγου</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a>
For the topic of anticipating evil, see Posidonius in Galen, <i>De&nbsp;plac. Hipp. et Plat.</i>&nbsp;4.7 (Diels, 6th&nbsp;ed., 2.13‑14),
<a id="p291x"></a><a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/tusc3.shtml#29" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Tusc. Disp.</i> 3.14.29</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Consolatio_ad_Apollonium*.html#21" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>Ad&nbsp;Apollon.</i>&nbsp;21 (112<span class="small">D</span>)</a>, together with the lines of Euripides (fragm.&nbsp;964<span class="small">D</span>) they cite.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μετ’&nbsp;αἰτίας</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιλόγου</span>. Perhaps a Stoic development of <span lang="la" class="Latin">sententia</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ter.adel.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">the <i>Adelphoe</i> of Terence</a>, in which both theories of education, in extreme form, are applied with equally bad results.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.21 (1395<span class="small">B</span>):
"Hearers are delighted when a speaker succeeds in expressing as a
universal truth the opinions they hold about particular cases."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐνθύμημα</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">σχημα ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου</span>. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5B*.html#10.2" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 5.10.2</a>: "There are some who call a conclusion from
consequents an epicheireme, while you would find that a majority are of
opinion that an enthymeme is a conclusion from incompatibles. And that
is why Cornificius calls it Reasoning by Contraries;"
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99</a>: "I&nbsp;shall pass by those authors who
<a id="p293x"></a>have set almost no limit to the invention of technical
terms, and have even assigned to figures what really belongs under
arguments." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the <i>topos a&nbsp;fortiori</i> in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.23 (1397<span class="small">B</span>); <span lang="la" class="Latin">contentio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίθετον</span>) in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xv.21
</a>
above and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlv.58
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>Ad&nbsp;Callim.</i>&nbsp;56<!-- ISOCRATES -->: "One who is so base where the interests of others are concerned — what would he not dare where his own are concerned?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κῶλον</span>. The concept originated in
comparison with the human body; it came into rhetoric from the art of
music. The doctrine of Colon, Comma, and Period is Peripatetic; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.9 (1409<span class="small">A</span>&nbsp;ff.). Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>,
excludes Colon and Comma from the list of figures. See A.&nbsp;du&nbsp;Mesnil, <i>Begriff der drei Kunstformen der Rede: Komma, Kolon, Periode, nach der Lehre der Alten</i>, in <i>Zum zweihundertjährigen Jubiläum des königl. <span class="whole">Friedrichs-Gymnas</span>.</i>, Frankfurt on&nbsp;O., 1894, pp32‑121.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τρίκωλον</span>. Note the dichorees (<img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve_or_macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve over a macron">): <span lang="la" class="Latin">consulebas</span>, and below, <span lang="la" class="Latin">restitisti</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">per)terruisti</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">sustulisti</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">conlocavit</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">ob)esse possit</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">contulerunt</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">domi)nationem</span> (as also those in the example of Isocolon [<span lang="la" class="Latin">compar</span>],
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#isocolon" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xx.27
</a>
below). This cadence was a favourite of the Asian orators. Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#215" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 63.215</a>,
<a id="p295x"></a>discusses the dangers resulting from its use: "First
it is recognized as rhythm, next it cloys, and then when it is seen to
be an easy device it is despised." Longinus,
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/rhetoresgraeci00spen#page/290/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>&nbsp;41</a>, disapproves of the agitated movement
dichorees give to language: "For all overrhythmical writing is at once
felt to be affected and finical and wholly lacking in passion owing to
the monotony of its superficial polish" (tr.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Rhys Roberts).
See notes on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.viii.12
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note148" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxii.44</a>.
</p><div class="mynote">
<p class="b0 a0 justify">
Thayer's Note: It's this same jerky, sing-song rhythm that makes long
stands of trochaic meter in English poetry so wearing, and Longfellow's <i>Hiawatha</i> so tempting to parody: Cicero and Longinus were right.
</p></div>
<p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κόμμα</span>. Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#211" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 62.211</a>, translates the word literally by <span lang="la" class="Latin">incisum</span>; note <span lang="la" class="Latin">caesa oratione</span> in our author's definition. Lit., <span lang="la" class="Latin">articulus</span> =&nbsp;"part joined on." Commata, rather than cola, are required in the forcible style (<span lang="el" class="Greek">χαρακτὴρ δεινός</span>), according to Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;elocut.</i>&nbsp;5.241.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">περίοδος</span>. For other Latin equivalents of this term see Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#204" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 61.204</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#186" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.48.186</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9D*.html#4.22" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.4.22</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐνθύμημα</span>. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xviii.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a>
For the theme <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xvii.24
</a>
above. Our author, unlike other <span class="whole">post-Aristotelian</span> rhetoricians, does not say that the Period is comprised of <span lang="la" class="Latin">membra</span>, yet this example seems to contain four — the upper limit usually allowed; see, <i>e.g.</i>,
<a id="p297x"></a><a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#222" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;66.222</a>, and Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i>&nbsp;1.16, but also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9D*.html#4.125" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.4.125</a>. On the theory of the Period see esp. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.9 (1409<span class="small">A</span>&nbsp;ff.); Demetrius, <i>op.&nbsp;cit.</i>, 1.10&nbsp;ff., 5.244, 303;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#211" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 62.211&nbsp;ff.</a>; and Josef Zehetmeier, "Die Periodenlehre des Aristoteles," <i>Philologus</i>
85&nbsp;(1930), 192‑208, 255‑284, 414‑436. Aristotle recognized only
periods of either one or two cola, and in fact the division into cola
was not of primary importance in his theory.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἰσόκωλον</span>. Sometimes classed as a variety of <span lang="el" class="Greek">πάρισον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">παρίσωσις</span>, parallelism in structure. The next three figures (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also Alliteration,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xii.18
</a>
above) represent <span lang="el" class="Greek">παρόμοιον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">παρομοίωσις</span>, parallelism in sound. Together with Antithesis (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xv.21
</a>
above) this and the next three figures comprise the <span class="whole">so‑called</span> Gorgianic figures. Isocrates exemplifies the extensive and effective use of Isocolon.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xix.26</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
Note the phrase and metrical clausula, <span lang="la" class="Latin">esse videatur</span> (<img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve">|<img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve_or_macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve over a macron">) favoured by Cicero. See
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.dialogus.shtml#23" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Tacitus, <i>Dial. de&nbsp;Orator.</i>&nbsp;23
</a>
(ed.&nbsp;Gudeman, pp29 and 247&nbsp;f.); Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10B*.html#2.18" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
10.2.18
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9D*.html#4.73" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.4.73</a>; Rufinus, in Halm, pp575 and (citing Probus) 583.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὁμοιόπτωτον</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xii.18
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
"Am&nbsp;I to praise a man abounding in good luck, but lacking in virtue?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
"This man places all his hope in money; from wisdom is his soul
withdrawn. Through diligence he acquires riches, but through negligence
he corrupts his soul. And yet, living so, he counts no one any one
before himself." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">neclegentiam .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. diligentiam</span> in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ter.andria.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Terence\'s Andria'+Lat2+LatSearch+'exoptat</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Terence, <i>Andria</i>&nbsp;20&nbsp;f.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὁμοιοέλευτον</span>. For a study of our author's theory of Homoeoptoton and Homoeoteleuton see Karl Pohlheim, <i>Die lateinische Reimprosa</i>, Berlin, 1925, pp161&nbsp;ff.; on the influence of the theory, see p463&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
Note in the Latin examples of this figure the correspondences in the
endings of the verb forms as well as in those of the adverbs.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
"A&nbsp;most depraved principle it is — to seek love and to shun <span class="whole">self-respect</span>, to esteem beauty and to slight one's own good name."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πτωτικά</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄπτωτα</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">καταλήξεις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρονομασία</span>. Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#84" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;25.84</a>, warns the speaker of the Attic plain style against the kind of Paronomasia which is produced by the change of a letter; yet <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#256" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 2.63.256
</a>
on Paronomasia in verbal witticisms. See Eduard Wölfflin, "Das Wortspiel im Lateinischen," <i>Sitzungsb. Bayer. Akad. der Wiss. (philos.-philol. und histor. Classe)</i>, 1887&nbsp;(2), pp187‑208.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
Our author knows four parts of speech: proper name, or noun (<span lang="la" class="Latin">nomen</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ὄνομα</span>), verb (<span lang="la" class="Latin">verbum</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ῥῆμα</span>), common noun, or appellative (<span lang="la" class="Latin">vocabulum</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">προσηγορία</span>), conjunction (<span lang="la" class="Latin">coniunctio</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">σύνδεσμος</span>); "noun" would include "adjective," as in No.&nbsp;7 below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συστολή</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">complexio</span>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#interlacement" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.14.20
</a><!-- sic, not 4.xiv.20 -->
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
"That man who carries himself with a lofty bearing and makes a display of himself was sold as a slave before coming to Rome;" <span lang="la" class="Latin">venīt</span> is a contraction of <span lang="la" class="Latin">veniit</span>, and precedes the <span lang="la" class="Latin">tenue (venĭt)</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
"Those men from whom he wins in dice he straightway binds in chains;" <span lang="la" class="Latin">tenue</span> precedes <span lang="la" class="Latin">plenius</span> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">vincīt</span> =&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">vinciit</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a>
"The sweet song of the birds draws us from here into pathless places." Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.69" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.69‑71</a>, quotes this pun, and the play upon <span lang="la" class="Latin">amari</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiv.21
</a>
above, as examples to be avoided, not imitated, being flat even when
used in jest; he marvels that this artifice is included in the
textbooks. Virgil,
<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante01/Vergilius/ver_ge02.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 2<BR>of the Georgics'+Lat2+LatSearch+'avia tum</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Georg.</i>&nbsp;2.328</a>, puns on the same words. Note in connection with the problem of <span class="whole">author</span>­ship of our treatise that the example here used for <span lang="la" class="Latin">admonitio</span> is, according to Quintilian, called an example of <span lang="la" class="Latin">traductio</span> by Cornificius; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xiv.20
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
"Does this man, although he seems desirous of public honour, yet love the Curia [the <span class="whole">Senate-house</span>] as much as he loves Curia?" The <span class="manuscript">M</span>&nbsp;group of&nbsp;<span class="small">MSS.</span> reads <span lang="la" class="Latin">Curiam meretricem</span>. On this and the next three types of Paronomasia <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;in
Phoebammon (Spengel&nbsp;3.45&nbsp;ff.) the four principles governing
the formation of all figures: lack, superabundance, transposition,
interchange (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔνδεια</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">πλεονασμός</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάθεσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐναλλαγή</span>); in Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html#5.6" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.5.6
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html#5.38" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.5.38&nbsp;ff.</a>, the four ways of committing barbarisms and solecisms, and, in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/6C*.html#3.53" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
6.3.53</a>, the poor jests formed by punning in these ways; in Philo, <i>De&nbsp;aetern. mundi</i> 22.113, the four ways (Peripatetic doctrine) in which corruption occurs: addition (<span lang="el" class="Greek">πρόσθεσις</span>), subtraction (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀφαίρεσις</span>), transposition (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάθεσις</span>), and transmutation (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀλλοίωσις</span>); and H.&nbsp;Usener, <i>Sitzungsb. Bayer. Akad. der Wiss. (philos.-philol.-hist. Cl.<!-- sic, not Kl. -->)</i>, 1892, pp628‑631. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'Obscurum autem</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;6.19</a>, on the causes of obscurity in words and periods.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
"This man could rule himself, if only he did not prefer to submit to love."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a>
"If he had avoided panders as though they were lions, he would have devoted himself to life;" the text is corrupt. <a href="http://www.tertullian.org/latin/apologeticum_becker.htm#C50" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Tertullian, <i>Apol.</i>&nbsp;50.12</a>, puns on the same words.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
"See, men of the jury, whether you prefer to trust an industrious man or a vainglorious one."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
"You ought to choose such a one as you would wish to love." A&nbsp;form
of the saying attributed to Theophrastus, that one must not first love
and then judge, but first judge and then love (<span lang="el" class="Greek">οὐ φιλοῦντα δεῖ κρίνειν ἀλλὰ κρίναντα φιλεῖν</span>); see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_fraterno_amore*.html#T482b" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>De&nbsp;fraterno amore</i>&nbsp;8 (482<span class="small">B</span>)</a>; Rutilius Lupus&nbsp;1.6 (Halm,&nbsp;p6);
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Seneca, <i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;3.2<!--</A>SENECA MINOR:LETTERS:uuu-->,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.proverbs.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Moribus</i>&nbsp;48</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/Laelius_de_Amicitia/text*.html#85" target="Cicero_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Amic.</i>&nbsp;22.85</a>; Publilius Syrus&nbsp;134 (ed.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Wight Duff and A.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Duff)<!--</A>PUBLILIUS SYRUS-->; Stobaeus, 4.27.14<!--</A>STOBAEUS4-->;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sidonius5.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'the Letters of Sidonius Apollinaris'+Lat2+LatSearch+'eligam</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Sidonius Apollinaris, <i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;</a><a id="p305x"></a><a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sidonius5.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'the Letters of Sidonius Apollinaris'+Lat2+LatSearch+'eligam</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">5.11.1</a>. In modern form: "If you suspect a man, do not employ him; if you employ a man, do not suspect him."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="a0 justify">
<a class="note" id="note74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
"Why I&nbsp;come, who I&nbsp;am, whom I&nbsp;accuse, whom I&nbsp;am helping, what I&nbsp;ask for you will soon know." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/poenulus.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Poenulus</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'quid velit</SPAN>.')" onmouseout="nd();">Plautus, <i>Poen.</i>&nbsp;992</a>:
</p><div class="a0 b0" align="center"><table class="Latin verse">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<p>
adei atque appella quid velit, quid venerit,
</p><p>
qui sit, quoiatis, unde sit.
</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="b0 justify">
"Go up to him and ask him what he wants, why he has come, who he is, of what country, and whence he comes."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
"Let us see to it, <span class="whole">fellow-citizens</span>, that the Conscript Fathers be not thought to have been utterly duped." Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.72" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.72</a>, considers this kind of paronomasia as produ­cing the very worst of trivial effects. Seneca,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.suasoriae.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s <I>Suasoriae</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'proscripsit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Suas.</i>&nbsp;7.11</a>, reproves for bad taste a speaker who punned on <span lang="la" class="Latin">scripsit</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">proscripsit</span>.
It has been conjectured (see Kroehnert, p31) that Crassus may have
uttered these words when speaking on behalf of the Servilian law; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.iii.5</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
Polyptoton (<span lang="el" class="Greek">πολύπτωτον</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a>
Unlike a normal English word order, the Latin permits the proper noun in
each of its cases to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a>
Note that in the two examples the cases are Greek, lacking the Latin
ablative, and that, unlike the disposition in the second, Roman,
example, the cases in the first example come in a definite order (the
accusative preceding the dative). Alexander's career was favourite
material with the
<a id="p307x"></a>rhetoricians. The common <span lang="la" class="Latin">suasoria</span>
concerned his deliberation whether, having conquered Asia and India, he
should navigate the ocean (when he had heard the voice say: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Quousque invicte?</span>"); <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<i>e.g.</i>, Seneca,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.suasoriae.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Suas.</i>&nbsp;1.1</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.contr7.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s <I>Controversiae</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'qua deliberat</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Contr.</i>&nbsp;7.7.19</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3C*.html#8.16" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 3.8.16</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
Irmentraud Haug, <i>Würzburger Jahrb. für die Altertumswissenschaft</i> 2&nbsp;(1947), 113, argues that the reference is to the bust of Drusus' father.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
When in&nbsp;88&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> the quarrel between <span lang="la" class="Latin">populares</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">optimates</span> grew serious, Sulla suspended the <span lang="la" class="Latin">iustitium</span>,
and fled to his army. Then Sulpicius, in control, put through his
measures granting the new Italian citizens a fuller share in political
power, and transferring the command in the East to Marius.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
The sentiments are those of the Marian party. Ti.&nbsp;Sempronius
Gracchus was clubbed to death by Scipio Nasica and his followers
in&nbsp;133&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.lv.68
</a>
below); C.&nbsp;Sempronius Gracchus was killed in flight after the
consul Opimius and his band had stormed the Aventine, in&nbsp;121&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; L.&nbsp;Appuleius Saturninus was stoned and torn to pieces by a mob in the <span class="whole">Senate-house</span>, in&nbsp;100&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; M.&nbsp;Livius Drusus was, according to
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2A*.html#14" target="Velleius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Velleius Paterculus, 2.14</a>, stabbed by an assassin in the area before his house, in&nbsp;91&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; on the death, in&nbsp;88&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, of P.&nbsp;Sulpicius Rufus see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note124" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 1.xv.25
</a>
above. Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Harusp. Resp.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/haruspicum.shtml#41" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
19.41
</a>
and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/haruspicum.shtml#43" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
20.43</a>, in which all the above except Drusus are used as <span lang="la" class="Latin">exempla</span>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/octavia.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s<BR><I>Octavia'+Lat2+LatSearch+'Gracchos</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Seneca, <i>Octavia</i>&nbsp;882‑9</a>, in which the fates of the Gracchi and Drusus are
<a id="p309x"></a>joined, may have used the same source as did our author; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.consolatione2.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s<BR><I>Consolatio ad Marciam'+Lat2+LatSearch+'duas Cornelias</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Seneca, <i>Ad&nbsp;Marc. de&nbsp;Cons.</i>&nbsp;16.3&nbsp;f.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
These figures serve epideictic better than judicial or deliberative
oratory. Cicero warns the speaker of the Attic plain style against the
use of these three figures (and of Isocolon,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#84" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;25.84</a>), but allows them in epideictic discourse (<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#38" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Orator</i>&nbsp;12.38</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'utendum erit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;21.72</a>); Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.12" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.3.12</a>, also justifies the full use of ornamentation in epideictic.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#150" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;44.150</a>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#97" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.25.97&nbsp;ff.</a>; also
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/rhetoresgraeci00spen#page/250/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>, ch.&nbsp;7</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_auditu*.html#T41e" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>De&nbsp;recta ratione audiendi</i>&nbsp;7 (41<span class="small">E</span>)</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μειρακιώδης λέξις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑποφορά</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνθυποφορά</span>. Assigned by Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, to the figures of thought. The figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">subiectio</span> is to be distinguished from the <span lang="la" class="Latin">subiectio</span> of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xviii.28
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xvii.24</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
Whether by <span lang="la" class="Latin">legis actio</span> or by the <span lang="la" class="Latin">formula</span> procedure. See Wenger, <i>Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure</i>, pp22&nbsp;f., 123&nbsp;ff., 132&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
The <span lang="la" class="Latin">sponsio</span> in a civil suit was an agreement by the litigants that the loser of the case would pay a certain sum of money.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a>
This example bears a very close resemblance to Demosthenes, <i>Adv. Aristogeit.</i> 1.76&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a>
This passage may perhaps belong to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> on the murder of Sulpicius in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a>
<i>Cf.</i>,&nbsp;in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.106" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.2.106</a>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">προέκθεσις</span>, "which means telling what ought to have been done and then what has been done"; also <span lang="el" class="Greek">προέκθεσις</span> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">divisio</span>),
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.x.17
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">sibi ipsi responsio</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.90" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.3.90</a>, there adjudged a figure of thought rather than of diction; <span lang="la" class="Latin">ratiocinatio</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#reasoning_by_question_and_answer" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xvi.23
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a>
Popilius is speaking; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κλίμαξ</span>. Also <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιπλοκή</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">ascensus</span>, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">catena</span>. This figure joins with Epanaphora, Antistrophe, Interlacement, Transplacement, and Antanaklasis (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#epanaphora" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xiii.19‑xiv.21
</a>
above) to form a complete theory of Repetition.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a>
For a like word-play on <span lang="la" class="Latin">libet</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">licet</span> <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Aquila Romanus&nbsp;27 (Halm, pp30‑31) under Paronomasia (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#paronomasia" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxi.29
</a>
above);
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/quinc.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s Oratio pro Quinctio'+Lat2+LatSearch+'libebit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Pro&nbsp;Quinctio</i> 30.94</a>; Calpurnius Flaccus&nbsp;16<!--</A>CALPURNIUS FLACCUS-->.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.55" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.55</a>, and others cite, and our author in this example imitates, Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;179:
"I&nbsp;did not say this and then fail to make the motion; I&nbsp;did
not make the motion and then fail to act as an ambassador; I&nbsp;did
not act
<a id="p315x"></a>as an ambassador and then fail to persuade the Thebans." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newadvent.org/bible/rom010.htm#14" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Bible)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Rom.</i>&nbsp;10.14</a>; Rosalind in
<a href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/asyoulikeit/asyoulikeit.5.2.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Shakespeare\'s play<BR>(opens in another window);<BR>search for '+SearchF+'sooner'+CloseF+'',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
Shakespeare, <i>As&nbsp;You Like It</i>&nbsp;5.2</a>: "For your brother
and my sister no sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they
loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked
one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the
remedy; and in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to
marriage";
<a href="https://www.stoa.org/hippo/text7.html#TB7C10S16" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
St.&nbsp;Augustine, <i>Confessions</i>&nbsp;7.10</a>: <span lang="la" class="Latin">O&nbsp;aeterna veritas et vera caritas et cara aeternitas!</span>; also Lane Cooper, <i>Sewanee Rev.</i>&nbsp;32&nbsp;(1924), 32‑43<!--</A>JOURNAL:SEWANEE:32-->.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.56" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.56</a>, uses the same example, representing it as from a Latin author.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὁρισμός</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Definition, the subtype of Legal Issue,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xi.19</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xii.21</a>,
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xii.17
</a>
above. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.91" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.91</a>, unlike "Cornificius and Rutilius," excludes <span lang="la" class="Latin">finitio</span> from the figures of diction. The figure goes back to Prodicus' Correct Use of Terms (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὀρθότης ὀνομάτων</span>); see Radermacher, <i>Artium Scriptores</i>, pp67&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 1.xii.21
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
For <span lang="la" class="Latin">iniuria</span> in Roman law, see Mommsen, pp784‑808; P.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Girard, <i>Mélanges de droit romain</i> (Paris, 1923), 2.385‑411.
</p><div class="mynote">
<p class="b0 a0 justify">
Thayer's Note: For a more accessible primer, see the article
<a class="smallcaps" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Injuria.html" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Injuria
</a>
in Smith's <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>.
</p></div>
<p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
The last two examples may also illustrate <span lang="la" class="Latin">distinctio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">παραδιαστολή</span>); see
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.65" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.65</a>: "But this depends wholly on definition, and so I&nbsp;doubt whether it is a figure," and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.82" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.82</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a>
A&nbsp;figure combining the functions of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">enumeratio</span> of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.47
</a>
above (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνάμνησις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνακεφαλαίωσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">παλιλλογία</span>) and <span lang="la" class="Latin">propositio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">προέκθεσις</span> =&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">propositio quid sis dicturus</span> in Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#203" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.203
</a>
and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#137" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 40.137</a>; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;the <span lang="la" class="Latin">expositio</span> [<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔκθεσις</span>] of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.x.17
</a>
above). <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;in Anon.&nbsp;Seg.&nbsp;12 (Spengel-<a id="p318x"></a>Hammer 1[2].354) <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνανέωσις</span>,
a means used in the Proem to induce receptiveness — "we recall the
points previously made, and mark out those we intend to discuss," and
the second type of the figure <span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάβασις</span> in Rutilius Lupus&nbsp;2.1 (Halm, pp12&nbsp;f.). Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, without defining <span lang="la" class="Latin">transitio</span>, classes it as a figure of thought; <span lang="la" class="Latin">transitus</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.61" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.2.61
</a>
is rejected as a figure.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;268, and (cited by Anon. Seg.&nbsp;12, in illustration of <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνανέωσις</span>) Aeschines, <i>Adv. Timarch.</i> 116.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιδιόρθωσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπανόρθωσις</span>, related to <span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάνοια</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/serm2.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Satires, Book 2'+Lat2+LatSearch+'invidiam</SPAN>',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Serm.</i>&nbsp;2.3.13</a>: "Are you preparing to appease envy by forsaking virtue?" <span lang="la" class="Latin">Insector</span> is the frequentative form of <span lang="la" class="Latin">insequor</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παράλεψις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίφρασις</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">praeteritio</span>, and sometimes <span lang="el" class="Greek">παρασιώπησις</span>, which Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.99</a>, excludes from the figures. <span lang="la" class="Latin">Occultatio</span> is assigned by Quintilian in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98
</a>
to the figures of thought. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">praecisio</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#aposiopesis" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxx.41
</a>
below, and Cicero's <span lang="la" class="Latin">reticentia</span> (<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#205" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.53.205</a>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#138" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;40.138</a>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a>
Speaker, opponent, and Labeo all are unknown. The date may perhaps be assigned to the time of the Marsic war, about 90&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; see Friedrich Muenzer, P.‑W.&nbsp;12.245.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note107" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref107" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">107</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.75" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 9.2.75</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note108" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref108" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">108</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διεζευγμένον</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.64" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.64</a>, says that devices like this and the two following are so common that they cannot lay claim to the art which figures involve.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note109" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref109" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">109</a>
Only the first sentence of this translation preserves the Disjunction,
which cannot be rendered throughout without violating normal English
word order.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note110" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref110" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">110</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>Ad&nbsp;Demonicum</i>&nbsp;6<!-- ISOCRATES -->:
"For beauty is spent by time or wasted by disease." The saying was
popular among Greek Patristic writers; see Engelbert Drerup, <i>Isocratis Opera Omnia</i>, Leipzig, 1906, 1.95.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note111" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref111" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">111</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συνεζευγμένον</span>. To be distinguished, of course, from <span lang="la" class="Latin">coniunctio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σύνδεσμος</span>), the part of speech
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#asyndeton" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
(4.xxx.41)</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note112" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref112" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">112</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπεζευγμένον</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note113" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref113" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">113</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀναδίπλωσις</span>. In
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.28" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.3.28</a>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">adiectio</span>. For the first example <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;143,
a favourite passage with the rhetoricians: "War it is that you are
bringing into Attica, Aeschines, an Amphictyonic war."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note114" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref114" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">114</a>
This passage may perhaps belong to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> on the murder of Sulpicius in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note115" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref115" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">115</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συνωνυμία</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, denies that this is a figure.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note116" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref116" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">116</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντιμεταβολή</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note117" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref117" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">117</a>
Ascribed to Socrates. See the Stoic C.&nbsp;Musonius Rufus (first Christian century) in Stobaeus, 3.18.37<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Quomodo_adolescens*.html#eat_to_live" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>Quomodo adulesc. poet. aud. deb.</i>&nbsp;4 (21<span class="small">E</span>)</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/19*.html#2" target="Gellius" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LPlusE,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Gellius&nbsp;19.2</a>;
Athenaeus&nbsp;4, 158<span class="small">F</span><!--</A>ATHENAEUS158-->;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/2/Socrates*.html#34" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Diogenes Laertius&nbsp;2.34</a>;
Stobaeus, 3.17.21
<!--</A>STOBAEUS3-->
("Socrates, when asked in what respect he differed from the rest of men,
replied: 'Whereas they live in order to eat, I&nbsp;eat in order to
live.'&nbsp;");
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/2*.html#8.16" target="Macrobius" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef1,WIDTH,155)" onmouseout="nd();">
Macrobius, <i>Sat.</i>, 2.8.16</a>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.85" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.3.85</a>; Clement of Alexandria, <i>Paed.</i>&nbsp;2.1<!--</A>CLEMENT:PAEDAGOGUS-->, and
<a href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book7.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 7<BR>of the <I>Stromata</I> of Clement'+Eng2+EngSearch+'he eats</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Strom.</i>&nbsp;7.14</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Isidore/2*.html#21.11" target="Isidore" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef1,WIDTH,155)" onmouseout="nd();">
Isidore, <i>Etym.</i>&nbsp;2.21.11</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note118" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref118" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">118</a>
Porphyrio on Horace, <i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;2.1.257<!--</A>PORPHYRIO-->, attributes this saying to Aristarchus of Samothrace (first half, second century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>), the editor and critic of Homer. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://archive.org/stream/epigrammatumant00unkngoog#page/n186/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Anth.&nbsp;Pal.</i>&nbsp;6.1</a>: "For I&nbsp;[Lais] do not wish to see myself as I&nbsp;am, and cannot see myself as I&nbsp;used to be."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note119" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref119" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">119</a>
The saying is ascribed to Simonides (sixth century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>) in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_gloria_Atheniensium*.html#3" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>De&nbsp;glor. Athen.</i>&nbsp;3 (346<span class="small">F</span>)</a>; see also <i>Quaest. Conviv.</i>&nbsp;9.15 (748<span class="small">A</span>)<!--</A>PLUTARCH:SYMPOSIUM-->,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Quomodo_adolescens*.html#3" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Quomodo adulesc. poet. aud. deb.</i>&nbsp;3 (17<span class="small">F</span>)</a>, <i>Quomodo adulat. ab&nbsp;amic. internosc.</i>&nbsp;15 (58<span class="small">B</span>)<!--</A>PLUTARCH:ADULATOR-->, <i>De&nbsp;vita et poes. Hom.</i>&nbsp;216<!--</A>PLUTARCH:HOMER--> (ed.&nbsp;Bernardakis, 7.460). <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Auteurs_anciens/delegibus3_lat.htm#1" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Leg.</i>&nbsp;3.1.2</a>: "It can truly be said that the magistrate is a speaking law, the law on the other hand a silent magistrate";
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'pictura</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;361</a>: "A&nbsp;poem is like a painting";
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/epigrammatumant00couggoog#page/n334/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Anth.&nbsp;Pal.</i>&nbsp;11.145</a>; and Lessing, <i>Laokoon</i>, Preface.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note120" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref120" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">120</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιτροπή</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note121" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref121" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">121</a>
Varro in Priscian (Keil, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i> 2.381) makes a similar play upon <span lang="la" class="Latin">utamur</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">abutamur</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note122" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref122" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">122</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀπορία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">διαπόρησις</span>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.88" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.88</a>, uses virtually the same example, after making the point that
Indecision can belong to either the figures of thought or the figures
of diction. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;20:
"Now what helped him&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;? The cowardice,
ought&nbsp;I to say, or the stupidity, or both, of the other Greek
states."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note123" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref123" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">123</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;22: "Why, you — what would be the correct name for one to call you?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note124" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref124" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">124</a>
Now called the Method of Residues when used in Refutation. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5B*.html#10.66" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
5.10.66&nbsp;ff.
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7A*.html#1.31" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
7.1.31&nbsp;ff.</a>, considers this <span lang="la" class="Latin">argumentorum genus ex remotione</span> under Proof and Refutation, not under the Figures; see also
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#45" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 1.xxix.45
</a>
(<span lang="la" class="Latin">enumeratio</span>), and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.99" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 9.3.99</a>, in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.xvii.25
</a>
above. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.23 (1398<span class="small">A</span>), the <i>topos</i> from logical division (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ διαιρέσεως</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note125" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref125" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">125</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀσύνδετον</span>. Variously also <span lang="el" class="Greek">διάλυσις</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">solutum</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">dissolutio</span>. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.12 (1413<span class="small">B</span>):
"Asyndeta .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. are rightly condemned in the literary style,
but in the controversial style speakers do indeed use them because of
their dramatic effect." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">dissolutum</span>, the slack style (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.xi.16
</a>
above).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note126" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref126" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">126</a>
The quality of <span lang="el" class="Greek">σφοδρότης</span>. Plutarch, <i>De&nbsp;vita et poes. Hom.</i>&nbsp;40<!--</A>PLUTARCH:HOMER--> (ed.&nbsp;Bernardakis, 7.355), assigns to Asyndeton the qualities of rapidity and emotional emphasis.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note127" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref127" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">127</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀποσιώπησις</span>. Sometimes <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀποκοπή</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">obticentia</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">interruptio</span> (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.54" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 9.2.54</a>, who here also identifies Cicero's <span lang="la" class="Latin">reticentia</span> with Aposiopesis; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on <span lang="la" class="Latin">occultatio</span>, 4.xxvii.37
</a>
above). With the first example <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;3, a close parallel.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note128" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref128" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">128</a>
For the commonplace <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Aeschylus in Aristophanes, <i>Frogs</i>&nbsp;867; Lysias, <i>Adv.&nbsp;Eratosth.</i>&nbsp;81; Fronto, ed.&nbsp;Naber, p42.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note129" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref129" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">129</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;129:
"I&nbsp;hesitate, lest in saying things becoming to you, I&nbsp;may be
thought to have chosen things to say that are unbecoming to me."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note130" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref130" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">130</a>
Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i>&nbsp;253, makes a like observation.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note131" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref131" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">131</a>
Like <span lang="el" class="Greek">συμπέρασμα</span> in logic. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9C*.html#3.98" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.3.98</a>, denies that <span lang="la" class="Latin">conclusio</span> is a figure. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the <span lang="la" class="Latin">conclusio</span> of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.iii.4
</a>
and the <span lang="la" class="Latin">duplex conclusio</span> of
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxiv.38
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note132" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref132" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">132</a>
Philoctetes killed Paris with the bow and arrows of Heracles, and thus
fulfilled the oracle revealed by the Trojan seer Helenus that only by
means of those weapons could Troy be taken.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note133" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref133" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">133</a>
These ten figures of diction are <span lang="la" class="Latin">tropi</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">τρόποι</span>, tropes), a term our author does not use; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 8.6.1</a>:
"A&nbsp;trope is an artistic change of a word or phrase from its proper
signification to another." Tropes were at first, as here, not separated
from figures of thought and diction (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα</span>). Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#69" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;18.69</a>, tells us that the division was of Greek origin. Even in the time of Quintilian (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9A*.html#1" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.1.1‑9</a>) the line of demarcation was not always clear.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note134" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref134" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">134</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὀνοματοποιία</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Julius Caesar in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/1*.html#10.4" target="Gellius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Gellius, 1.10.4</a>: "Avoid, as you would a rock, an <span class="whole">unheard‑of</span> and unfamiliar
<a id="p333x"></a>word." Cicero admits unusual (<span class="whole">old-fashioned</span>), new, and metaphorical words, although recognizing that these are allowed more freely in poetry than in oratory; see
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#152" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.38.152&nbsp;ff.</a>, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#68" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">20.68
</a>
and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#81" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
24.81</a>, and also the advice which Horace,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'cautusque</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Ars Poet.</i> 46&nbsp;ff.
</a>
and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/epist2.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s <I>Epistles</I>, Book 2'+Lat2+LatSearch+'luxuriantia</SPAN>',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;2.2.119‑121</a>, gives to poets to use neologisms,
but with restraint. Quintilian likewise tolerates neologism despite the
danger in their use, but does not allow Roman speakers the imitative
type of onomatopoeia, although this was "held as one of the highest
virtues by the Greeks;" see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html#5.71" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.5.71&nbsp;f.</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#6.31" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.6.31&nbsp;f.</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.35" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.3.35‑37</a>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/11*.html#7" target="Gellius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Gellius, 11.7.1</a>: "But as for me I&nbsp;think it more objectionable and censurable to use words that are new, unknown, and <span class="whole">unheard‑of</span> than to use those that are hackneyed and mean."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note135" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref135" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">135</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note158" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on Metaphor, 4.xxxiv.45
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note136" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref136" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">136</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντονομασία</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note137" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref137" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">137</a>
Lit., "flat of the blade."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note138" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref138" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">138</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3.vi.10
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note139" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref139" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">139</a>
<span lang="la" class="Latin">Pro&nbsp;nomine</span>, hence the name for the figure, <span lang="la" class="Latin">Pronominatio</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note140" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref140" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">140</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μετωνυμία</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note141" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref141" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">141</a>
Liber and Ceres are common metonyms; see Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#167" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.42.167</a>, advising the frequent use of this kind of figure, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Natura_Deorum/2A*.html#60" target="Cicero_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Natura Deorum</i>&nbsp;2.23.60</a>, citing
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ter.eunuchus.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Terence\'s Eunuch'+Lat2+LatSearch+'Cerere</SPAN>)',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Terence, <i>Eunuch.</i>&nbsp;732</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 8.6.24</a>: "It would be too bold for the severe style of
the forum to tolerate our saying 'Liber' for 'wine' and 'Ceres' for
'bread.'&nbsp;"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note142" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref142" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">142</a>
This last illustration is used also by the grammarians Charisius (ed.&nbsp;Barwick, p360) and Diomedes (Keil, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i> 1.458).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note143" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref143" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">143</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.6.24‑5</a>, approves the substitution of container for content, but allows the converse only to poetic practice.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note144" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref144" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">144</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">περίφρασις</span>. When faulty, it is <span lang="el" class="Greek">περισσολογία</span>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.61" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Quintilian, 8.6.61)</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note145" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref145" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">145</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑπερβατόν</span>. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xii.18
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note146" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref146" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">146</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀναστροφή</span>, Reversal of order. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.55" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.6.55</a>, defines <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀναστροφή</span> as a transposition confined to two words.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note147" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref147" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">147</a>
"This I&nbsp;deem the immortal gods have vouchsafed to you in reward for
your virtue." The strictly correct order would have been <span lang="la" class="Latin">pro vestra virtute</span>; <span lang="la" class="Latin">virtūtĕ prō vēstrā</span> gives the most favoured clausula.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note148" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref148" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">148</a>
"Unstable Fortune has exercised her greatest power on this creature. All
the means of living well Chance has jealously taken from him." Here the
adjectives are separated from the nouns they modify; <span lang="la" class="Latin">fortūnă vălŭĭt</span> and especially <span lang="la" class="Latin">casūs făcūltātēs</span> were favoured clausulae (see note next above). Our author employs the dichoree (<img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4b_files/breve_or_macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve over a macron">) most. See the study of the cadences in A.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;de&nbsp;Groot, <i>Der antike Prosarhythmus</i>, Groningen and The Hague, 1921, pp106‑7; in Henri Bornecque, <i>Les Clausules Métriques Latines</i>, Lille, 1907, pp542&nbsp;ff., 579&nbsp;f.; and in Burdach, <i><span class="whole">Schlesich-böhmische</span> Briefmuster</i>, pp110&nbsp;ff.; also the notes on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.viii.12
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xix.26</a>, and the next note here below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note149" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref149" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">149</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#period" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xix.27</a>. The doctrines of rhythm were not taught as part of the regular curriculum by the Atticizing rhetoricians
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#188" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.49.188)</a>; our author does not mention Rhythm under Composition in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xii.18
</a>
above, save indirectly in his reference to concinnity in Hyperbaton. Here, however, he is under Asian influence. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#229" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 69.229</a>: "We must not transpose words in an obvious manner for the sake
<a id="p339x"></a>of achieving a better cadence or a more flowing rhythm"; Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Composit. Verb.</i>, ch.&nbsp;4; and Blass, <i>Die Rhythmen der asian. und röm. Kunstprosa</i>,
pp33&nbsp;ff. Our author in his rhythms represents the transition
between Asian rules and those followed by Cicero; see Bornecque, <i>op.&nbsp;cit.</i>, p546. On our author's generally ambivalent position with respect to Asianism, see Burdach, <i>op.&nbsp;cit.</i>, pp96&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note150" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref150" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">150</a>
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#187" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 56.187&nbsp;f.</a>: "It is, then, quite clear that
prose should be tightened up by rhythm, but be free of metre
.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. There are, to be sure, no rhythms other than those used
in poetry"; Crassus in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore1.shtml#151" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 1.33.151</a>: "Good collocation and good
arrangement of words are perfected in writing by means of a certain
rhythm and measure not poetical, but oratorical." Thrasymachus of
Chalcedon (fifth century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>) was the inventor of prose rhythm, and Isocrates excelled in its use
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#175" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Cicero, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;52.175)</a>.
</p><div class="mynote">
Thayer's Note: For the lives and works of Thrasymachus and Isocrates, see
<a href="https://elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Dobson-TheGreekOrators/TheGreekOrators-Title-Preface-Contents.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Dobson's <i>Greek Orators</i></a>.
</div>
<p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note151" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref151" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">151</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑπερβολή</span>. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.11 (1413<span class="small">A</span>), says that the use of Hyperbole is a juvenile characteristic, betraying vehemence. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.67" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 8.6.67&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note152" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref152" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">152</a>
<i>Cf.</i>,&nbsp;for example, Homer, <i>Il.</i>&nbsp;1.104: Agamemnon's
eyes "were flashing fire"; in&nbsp;10.437 the horses of Rhesus are
"whiter than snow" (Hyperbole with comparison formed from superiority.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note153" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref153" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">153</a>
Homer,&nbsp;<i>Il.</i>&nbsp;1.249, on Nestor. On the popularity of this passage in antiquity see Otto, pp242, 216&nbsp;f.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note154" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref154" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">154</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συνεκδοχή</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note155" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref155" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">155</a>
In ancient physiology the lungs were considered to be the right and left
halves of a single organ, with the windpipe as the common outlet; <i>cf.</i>,&nbsp;for example, Aristotle, <i>De&nbsp;Part. Animal.</i> 3.6‑7 (668<span class="small">B</span>&nbsp;ff.), <i>Hist. Animal.</i> 2.17 (507&nbsp;<span class="small">A</span>19).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note156" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref156" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">156</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατάχρησις</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note157" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref157" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">157</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristophanes, <i>Birds</i>&nbsp;465: <span lang="el" class="Greek">μέγα καὶ λαρινὸν ἔπος τι</span> ("a&nbsp;stalwart and brawny oration," tr.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Rogers).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note158" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref158" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">158</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μεταφορά</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.2 (1405<span class="small">A</span>)&nbsp;ff., <i>Poet.</i>, ch.&nbsp;21; Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i> 2.78&nbsp;ff.;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.4" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 8.6.4&nbsp;ff.
</a>
According to Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#92" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 27.92</a>, metaphor is used for the sake of charm (<span lang="la" class="Latin">suavitas</span>) or because of the lack (<span lang="la" class="Latin">inopia</span>) of a proper word; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#155" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.38.155</a>. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.6" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.6.6</a>, says that we use metaphor from necessity or because it achieves greater expressiveness or beauty. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">translatio criminis</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xv.22
</a>
above, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">translatio</span>, the subtype of Legal Issue,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xii.22</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note159" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref159" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">159</a>
Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.8" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.6.8</a>, terms Metaphor a shorter Simile.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note160" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref160" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">160</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/cistellaria.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Cistellaria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'viro nubit</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Plautus, <i>Cist.</i>&nbsp;43</a>: "She is married to a husband every day, indeed she is;" and Demosthenes, <i>De&nbsp;Corona</i>&nbsp;129,
<a id="p343x"></a>addressing Aeschines: "Or how your mother practised nuptials in open daylight in the outhouse."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note161" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref161" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">161</a>
This may perhaps belong to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> concerning the murder of Sulpicius,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.xv.25
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note162" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref162" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">162</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/legagr2.shtml#13" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Leg.&nbsp;Agr.</i>&nbsp;2.5.13</a>, on the unintelligible speech of the once truculent Rullus: "The <span class="whole">keener-witted</span> persons standing in the Assembly suspected that he had meant to say something or other about an agrarian law"; Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#4.28" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
8.4.28</a>, quotes this sentence of Cicero in illustration of <span lang="la" class="Latin">ratio minuendi</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note163" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref163" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">163</a>
Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#165" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.41.165</a>, makes the same point; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.2 (1405<span class="small">A</span>),
Cicero, <i>Epist. ad&nbsp;Fam.</i>&nbsp;16.17 (Theophrastus' <span lang="la" class="Latin">verecunda tralatio</span>),
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/rhetoresgraeci00spen#page/282/mode/2up" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>&nbsp;32.2</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#3.37" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 8.3.37</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note164" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref164" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">164</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀλληγορία</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note165" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref165" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">165</a>
The text is corrupt. With Lindemann (ed.&nbsp;Leipzig, 1828, p343) and others I&nbsp;take <span lang="la" class="Latin">Graccum</span> as a genitive plural. The policy of M.&nbsp;Livius Drusus, <span lang="la" class="Latin">tr.&nbsp;pl.</span> in&nbsp;91&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, finds a parallel in that of C.&nbsp;Gracchus; see Hugh Last in <i>Cambr. Anc. History</i> <a id="p345x"></a>9.177‑84. With Allegory <span lang="la" class="Latin">per argumentum</span> <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Antonomasia,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#antonomasia" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxi.42
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note166" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref166" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">166</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8B*.html#6.54" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 8.6.54&nbsp;ff.
</a>
(<span lang="la" class="Latin">ironia</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">illusio</span>); <i>Rhet. ad&nbsp;Alex.</i> ch.&nbsp;21, 1434<span class="small">A</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">εἰρωνεία</span>); Anon., <i>De&nbsp;Trop.</i>, in Walz&nbsp;8.722 (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίφρασις</span>).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note167" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref167" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">167</a>
Called <span lang="la" class="Latin">pius</span> for his devotion to Anchises, his father.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note168" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#ref168" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">168</a>
Rejected the advances of his stepmother Phaedra.
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