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LacusCurtius • Ad&nbsp;Herennium — Book&nbsp;IV, 1‑18
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Book&nbsp;III
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This webpage reproduces part of
<br>
a complete English translation of the
<br>
<span class="bold larger">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
<br>
published in the
Loeb Classical Library,
<br>
1954
</p><p class="center">
The text is in the public domain.
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This page has been carefully proofread
<br>
and I&nbsp;believe it to be free of errors.
<br>
If you find a mistake though,
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IV.<span class="small">19‑46</span>
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<h2 class="start2">
<span class="green">
Rhetorica ad&nbsp;Herennium
</span>
</h2>
<h1>
<a id="p229"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p229&nbsp;</span></a>
Book&nbsp;IV
</h1>
<p class="start justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R1">1</a>
<a class="sec" name="1">1</a>&nbsp;Inasmuch as in the present Book,
Herennius, I&nbsp;have written about Style, and wherever there was need
of examples, I&nbsp;have used those of my own making, and in so doing
have departed from the practice of the Greek writers​<a class="ref" id="ref1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
on the subject, I&nbsp;must in a&nbsp;few words justify my method. And
that I&nbsp;make this explanation from necessity, and not from choice,
is sufficiently indicated by the fact that in the preceding Books
I&nbsp;have said nothing by way either of preface​<a class="ref" id="ref2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
or of digression. Now, after a&nbsp;few indispensable observations,
I&nbsp;shall, as I&nbsp;undertook to do, discharge my task of explaining
to you the rest of the art. But you will more readily understand my
method when you have learned what the Greeks say.<a class="ref" id="ref3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
</p><p class="justify">
On several grounds they think that, after they have given their own
precepts on how to embellish style, they must for each kind of
embellishment offer an example drawn from a reputable orator or poet.​<a class="ref" id="ref4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a> And their first ground is that in doing so they are
<a id="p231"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p231&nbsp;</span></a>prompted
by modesty, because it seems a kind of ostentation not to be content to
teach the art, but to appear desirous themselves of creating examples
artificially. That, they say, would be showing themselves off, not
showing what the art is. <a class="sec" name="2">2</a>&nbsp;Hence it is
in the first place a sense of shame which keeps us from following this
practice, for we should appear to be approving of ourselves alone,​<a class="ref" id="ref5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
to be prizing ourselves, scorning and scoffing at others. For when we
can take an example from Ennius, or offer one from Gracchus,​<a class="ref" id="ref6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a> it seems presumptuous to neglect these and to have recourse to our own examples.
</p><p class="justify">
In the second place, examples, they say, serve the purpose of testimony;
for, like the testimony of a witness, the example enforces what the
precept has suggested and only to a slight degree effected.​<a class="ref" id="ref7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a> Would not a man be ridiculous, then, if in a trial​<a class="ref" id="ref8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a> or in a domestic procedure​<a class="ref" id="ref9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
he should contest the issue on the basis of his own personal testimony?
For an example is used just like testimony to prove a point; it should
properly therefore be taken only from a writer of highest reputation,
lest what ought to serve as proof of something else should itself
require proof. In fact, inventors of examples must either prefer
themselves to all others and esteem their own products most of all, or
else deny that the best examples are those taken from the orators or
poets of highest reputation. If they should set themselves above all
others, they are unbearably conceited; if they should grant to any
others a superiority over themselves and yet not believe that
<a id="p233"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p233&nbsp;</span></a>the examples of these others excel their own, they cannot explain why they concede this superiority.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R2">2</a>
And furthermore, does not the very prestige of the ancients not only
lend greater authority to their doctrine but also sharpen in men the
desire to imitate them? Yes, it excites the ambitions and whets the zeal
of all men when the hope is implanted in them of being able by
imitation​<a class="ref" id="ref10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a> to attain to the skill of a Gracchus or a Crassus.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="3">3</a>&nbsp;Finally, they say, the highest art
resides in this: in your selecting a great diversity of passages widely
scattered and interspersed among so many poems and speeches, and doing
this with such painstaking care that you can list examples, each
according to its kind, under the respective topics of the art. If this
could be accomplished by industry alone, we should yet deserve praise
for not having avoided such a task; but actually, without the highest
art it cannot be done. For who, unless he has a consummate grasp of the
art of rhetoric, could in so vast and diffuse a literature mark and
distinguish the demands of the art? Laymen, reading good orations and
poems, approve the orators and poets, but without comprehending what has
called forth their approval, because they cannot know where that which
especially delights them resides,​<a class="ref" id="ref11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
or what it is, or how it was produced. But he who understands all this,
and selects examples that are most appropriate, and reduces to
individual principles of instruction everything that especially merits
inclusion in his treatise, must needs be a master artist​<a class="ref" id="ref12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a> in this field. This, then, is the height of
<a id="p235"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p235&nbsp;</span></a>technical skill — in one's own treatise to succeed also in using borrowed examples!
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="4">4</a>&nbsp;When the Greeks make such assertions,
they influence us more by their prestige than by the truth of their
argument. For what I&nbsp;really fear is that some one may consider the
view contrary to mine adequately recommended because its supporters are
the very men who invented this art and are now by reason of their
antiquity quite universally esteemed. If, however, leaving the prestige
of the ancients out of consideration, they are willing to compare all
the arguments, point for point, they will understand that we need not
yield to antiquity in everything.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R3">3</a>
First, then, let us beware lest the Greeks offer us too childish an
argument in their talk about modesty. For if modesty consists in saying
nothing or writing nothing, why do they write or speak at all? But if
they do write something of their own, then why does modesty keep them
from composing, themselves, everything they write? It is as if some one
should come to the Olympic games to run, and having taken a position for
the start, should accuse of impudence those who have begun the race —
should himself stand within the barrier and recount to others how Ladas​<a class="ref" id="ref13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a> used to run, or Boïscus​<a class="ref" id="ref14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
in the Isthmian games. These Greek rhetoricians do likewise. When they
have descended into the race-course of our art, they accuse of immodesty
those who put in practice the essence of the art; they praise some
ancient orator, poet, or literary work, but without themselves daring to
come forth into the stadium of
<a id="p237"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p237&nbsp;</span></a>rhetoric.​<a class="ref" id="ref15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a> <a class="sec" name="5">5</a>&nbsp;I&nbsp;should
not venture to say so, yet I&nbsp;fear that in their very pursuit of
praise for modesty they are impudent. Some one may say to them: "Now
what do you mean? You are writing a treatise of your own; you are
creating new precepts for us; you cannot confirm these yourself; so you
borrow examples from others. Beware of acting impudently in seeking to
extract from the labour of others praise for your own name." Indeed, if
the ancient orators and poets should take the books of these
rhetoricians and each remove therefrom what belongs to himself, the
rhetoricians would have nothing left to claim as their own.<a class="ref" id="ref16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
</p><p class="justify">
"But," they say, "since examples correspond to testimony, it is proper
that, like testimony, they should be taken from men of the highest
reputation."​<a class="ref" id="ref17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a> First and foremost, examples are set forth, not to confirm​<a class="ref" id="ref18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a> or to bear witness, but to clarify.​<a class="ref" id="ref19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a> When I&nbsp;<a id="p239"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p239&nbsp;</span></a>say there is a figure of speech which, for instance, consists of <span class="whole">like-ending</span> words, and take this example from Crassus: <span lang="la" class="Latin">quibus possumus et debemus</span>,​<a class="ref" id="ref20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
I&nbsp;am setting up, not testimony, but an example. The difference
between testimony and example is this: by example we clarify the nature
of our statement, while by testimony we establish its truth. <a class="sec" name="6">6</a>&nbsp;Furthermore,
the testimony must accord with the proposition, for otherwise it cannot
confirm the proposition. But the rhetoricians' performance does not
accord with what they propose. How so? In that they promise to write a
treatise of the art, and then mostly bring forward examples from authors
who were ignorant of the art. Now who can give authority to his
writings on the art unless he writes something in conformity with the
art?​<a class="ref" id="ref21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
Their performance is at variance with what they seem to promise; for
when they undertake to write the rules of their art, they appear to say
that they have themselves invented what they are teaching to others, but
when they actually write, they show us what others have invented.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R4">4</a>
"But," say they, "this very choice from among many is difficult." What
do you mean by difficult? That it requires labour? Or that it requires
art? The laborious is not necessarily the excellent. There are many
things requiring labour which you would not necessarily boast of having
done — unless, to be sure, you thought it a glorious
<a id="p241"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p241&nbsp;</span></a>feat to have transcribed by your own hand whole dramas​<a class="ref" id="ref22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
or speeches! Or do you say that that kind of thing requires exceptional
art? Then beware of appearing inexperienced in greater matters, if you
are going to find the same delight in a petty thing as in a great.
Doubtless no one quite uncultivated can select in this way; yet many who
lack the highest art can. <a class="sec" name="7">7</a>&nbsp;For any
one at all who has heard more than a little about the art, especially in
the field of style, will be able to discern all the passages composed
in accordance with the rules; but the ability to compose them only the
trained man will possess. It is as if you should wish to choose maxims
from the tragedies of Ennius,​<a class="ref" id="ref23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
or messengers' reports from the tragedies of Pacuvius; if, however,
just because no one who is quite illiterate can do this, you should
suppose that having done it, you are most highly cultivated, you would
be foolish, because any person moderately well-read could do it easily.
In the same fashion if, having chosen from orations or poems examples
marked by definite tokens of art, you should suppose that your
performance gives proof of superlative art on the ground that no
ignoramus is capable of it, you would be in error, because by this token
that you offer we see only that you have some knowledge, but we shall
need still other tokens to convince us that you know a great deal. Now
if to discern what is written artistically proves your mastery of the
art, then a far better proof of this mastery is to write artistically
yourself. For though the artistic writer will find it easy to discern
what has been skilfully written by others, the facile chooser of
examples will not necessarily write with skill himself. And even if it
is an especial mark of artistic skill, let them
<a id="p243"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p243&nbsp;</span></a>employ this faculty at another time, and not when they themselves should be conceiving, creating, and bringing forth.​<a class="ref" id="ref24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
In short, let them devote their artistic power to this purpose — to win
esteem as worthy themselves to be chosen as models by others, rather
than as good choosers of others who should serve as models for them.
</p><p class="justify">
Against the contentions of those who maintain that we should use
borrowed examples I&nbsp;have said enough. Now let us see what can be
said from my own particular point of view.<a class="ref" id="ref25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R5">5</a>
Accordingly I&nbsp;say that they are not only at fault in borrowing
examples, but make an even greater mistake in borrowing examples from a
great number of sources.​<a class="ref" id="ref26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
And let us first look at my second point. Were&nbsp;I granting that we
should borrow examples, I&nbsp;should establish that we ought to select
from one author alone. In the first place, my opponents would then have
no ground​<a class="ref" id="ref27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
for opposing this procedure, for they might choose and approve whom
they would, poet or orator, to supply them with examples for all cases,
one on whose authority they could rely.​<a class="ref" id="ref28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a> Secondly, it is a matter of great concern to the
<a id="p245"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p245&nbsp;</span></a>student
whether he should believe that every one can attain the sum total of
qualities, or that no one can, or that one individual can attain one
quality and another individual another quality. For if the student
believes that all qualities can exist in one man, he himself will strive
for a mastery of them all. But if he despairs of this achievement, he
will occupy himself in acquiring a&nbsp;few qualities, and with these be
content. Nor is this surprising, since the teacher of the art himself
has been unable to find all the qualities in one author. Thus, when
examples have been drawn from Cato, the Gracchi, Laelius, Scipio, Galba,
Porcina, Crassus, Antonius,​<a class="ref" id="ref29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
and the rest, and some as well from the poets and historians, the
learner will necessarily believe that the totality could have been taken
only from them all, and that barely a&nbsp;few examples could have been
taken from only one. <a class="sec" name="8">8</a>&nbsp;He will therefore be content with emulating some one author​<a class="ref" id="ref30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
and distrust his own single power to possess the sum total of qualities
possessed by all the authors. Now it is disadvantageous for the student
to believe that one person cannot possess all qualities;​<a class="ref" id="ref31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
and so I&nbsp;say, no one would fall into this opinion if the
rhetoricians had drawn examples from one author alone. Actually, the
fact that the writers on rhetoric have presented neither their own
examples nor those of some single author, or even two, but have borrowed
from all the orators and poets, is a sign that they themselves have not
believed that any one individual can be brilliant in all the
<a id="p247"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p247&nbsp;</span></a>branches
of style. Moreover, should any one wish to show that the art of rhetoric
is of no benefit for speaking, he might well in support employ the
argument that no one man has been able to master all the branches of
rhetoric. Is it not ridiculous for a rhetorician himself to approve by
his own judgement what thus supports the theory of those who utterly
condemn the art of rhetoric?<a class="ref" id="ref32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
</p><p class="justify">
I&nbsp;have, then, shown that if examples were always to be borrowed, the borrowing should have been from one author. <a class="chapter" name="R6">6</a>&nbsp;<a class="sec" name="9">9</a>&nbsp;Now we shall learn from the following that they should not have been borrowed at all.
</p><p class="justify">
Above all, an example which is cited by a writer on an art should be
proof of his own skill in that art. It is as if a merchant selling
purple or some other commodity should say: "Buy of me, but I&nbsp;shall
borrow from some one else a sample of this to show you." So do these
very people who offer merchandise for sale go in search of a sample of
it elsewhere; they say: "We have piles of wheat," but have not a handful
of grain to show as a sample.​<a class="ref" id="ref33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a>
If Triptolemus, when dispensing seed to mankind, had himself borrowed
it from other men, or if Prometheus, wishing to distribute fire amongst
mortals, had himself gone about with an urn begging a&nbsp;few coals of
his neighbours, he would have appeared ridiculous.
<a id="p249"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p249&nbsp;</span></a>Do not
these schoolmasters, teachers of public speaking to all the world, see
that they are acting absurdly when they seek to borrow the very thing
they offer to bestow? If any one should say that he has discovered the
richest of deeply hidden springs, and tell of the discovery while
suffering extreme thirst and lacking the wherewithal to slake his
thirst, would he not be a laughingstock? When these writers declare that
they are not only the masters of the springs, but are themselves the
wellsprings​<a class="ref" id="ref34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
of eloquence, and when it is their duty to water the talents of all, do
they not think it will be laughable if, whilst making the offer to do
so, they are themselves parched with drought? Not thus did Chares learn
from Lysippus how to make statues.​<a class="ref" id="ref35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a> Lysippus did not show him a head by Myron,​<a class="ref" id="ref36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
arms by Praxiteles, a chest by Polycleitus. Rather with his own eyes
would Chares see the master fashioning all the parts; the works of the
other sculptors he could if he wished <!-- sic, no "to" -->study on his own initiative. These writers believe that students of this subject can be better taught by another method.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R7">7</a>
<a class="sec" name="10">10</a>&nbsp;Furthermore, borrowed examples simply cannot be so well adapted to the rules of the art because
<a id="p251"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p251&nbsp;</span></a>in
speaking each single topic is in general touched lightly, so that the
art may not be obvious. In instructing, on the other hand, one must cite
examples that are draughted expressly to conform to the pattern of the
art. It is afterwards, in speaking, that the orator's skill conceals his
art,​<a class="ref" id="ref37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
so that it may not obtrude and be apparent to all. Thus as to the end
that the art may be better understood is it preferable to use examples
of one's own creation.
</p><p class="justify" id="Greek_terms">
Finally, I&nbsp;have been led to this method by another consideration also​<a class="ref" id="ref38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a> — the remoteness from our own usage of the technical terms​<a class="ref" id="ref39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a> I&nbsp;have translated from the Greek. For concepts <span class="whole">non-existent</span>
among us could not have familiar appellations. The translated terms,
therefore, must seem rather harsh at first — that will be a fault of the
subject, not mine. The rest of my treatise will be devoted to examples.
If, however, these which I&nbsp;have here set down had been borrowed
from other sources, the result would have been that anything apt in this
book would not be mine, but whatever is a little rough or strange would
be assigned to me as my own particular contribution. So I&nbsp;have
escaped this disadvantage also.
</p><p class="justify" id="Greeks_invented_rhetoric">
On these grounds, although esteeming the Greeks as the inventors of the art, I&nbsp;have not followed their
<a id="p253"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p253&nbsp;</span></a>theory of examples. Now it is time to turn to the principles of Style.
</p><p class="justify">
I&nbsp;shall divide the teaching of Style into two parts. First
I&nbsp;shall state the kinds to which oratorical style should always
confine itself,​<a class="ref" id="ref40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a> then I&nbsp;shall show what qualities style should always have.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R8">8</a>
<a class="sec" name="11">11</a>&nbsp;There are, then, three kinds of style, called types,​<a class="ref" id="ref41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a> to which discourse, if faultless, confines itself: the first we call the Grand; the second, the Middle; the third, the Simple.​<a class="ref" id="ref42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a> The Grand type consists of a smooth and ornate arrangement of impressive words.​<a class="ref" id="ref43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
The Middle type consists of words of a lower, yet not of the lowest and
most colloquial, class of words. The Simple type is brought down even
to the most current idiom of standard speech.
</p><p class="justify" id="p255"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p255&nbsp;</span>
A&nbsp;discourse will be composed in the Grand style if to each idea are
applied the most ornate words that can be found for it, whether literal
or figurative; if impressive thoughts are chosen, such as are used in
Amplification and Appeal to Pity; and if we employ figures of thought
and figures of diction which have grandeur — these I&nbsp;shall discuss
later.​<a class="ref" id="ref44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a> The following will be an example of this type of style:
</p><div class="prose">
<p>
<a class="sec" name="12">12</a>&nbsp;"Who of you, pray, men of the jury,
could devise a punishment drastic enough for him who has plotted to
betray the fatherland to our enemies? What offence can compare with this
crime, what punishment can be found commensurate with this offence?​<a class="ref" id="ref45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a> Upon those who had done violence to a freeborn youth, outraged the mother of a family, wounded,​<a class="ref" id="ref46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
or — basest crime of all — slain a man, our ancestors exhausted the
catalogue of extreme punishments; while for this most savage and impious
villainy they bequeathed no specific penalty.​<a class="ref" id="ref47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
In other wrongs, indeed, injury arising from another's crime extends to
one individual, or only to a&nbsp;few; but the participants in this
crime are plotting, with one stroke, the most horrible catastrophes for
the whole body of citizens. O&nbsp;such men of savage hearts!
O&nbsp;such cruel designs! O&nbsp;such human beings bereft of human
feeling! What have they dared to do, what can they now be planning? They
are planning how our enemies, after uprooting our fathers' graves, and
throwing down our walls, shall with triumphant cry rush into the city;
how when they have despoiled the temples
<a id="p257"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p257&nbsp;</span></a>of the
gods, slaughtered the Conservatives and dragged all others off into
slavery, and when they have subjected matrons and freeborn youths to a
foeman's lust, the city, put to the torch, shall collapse in the most
violent of conflagrations! They do not think, these scoundrels, that
they have fulfilled their desires to the utmost, unless they have gazed
upon the piteous ashes of our most holy fatherland. Men of the jury,
I&nbsp;cannot in words do justice to the shamefulness of their act; yet
that disquiets me but little, for you have no need of me. Indeed your
own hearts, overflowing with patriotism, readily tell you to drive this
man, who would have betrayed the fortunes of all, headlong from this
commonwealth,​<a class="ref" id="ref48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a> which he would have buried under the impious domination of the foulest of enemies."​<a class="ref" id="ref49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
</p></div>
<p class="justify" id="p259"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p259&nbsp;</span>
<a class="chapter" name="R9">9</a>
<a class="sec" name="13">13</a>&nbsp;Our discourse will belong to the Middle type if, as I&nbsp;have said above,​<a class="ref" id="ref50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a> we have somewhat relaxed our style, and yet have not descended to the most ordinary prose, as follows:
</p><div class="prose">
<p>
"Men of the jury, you see against whom we are waging war — against
allies who have been wont to fight in our defence, and together with us
to preserve our empire by their valour and zeal. Not only must they have
known themselves, their resources, and their manpower, but their
nearness to us and their alliance with us in all affairs enabled them no
less to learn and appraise the power of the Roman people in every
sphere. When they had resolved to fight against us, on what, I&nbsp;ask
you, did they rely in presuming to undertake the war, since they
understood that much the greater part of our allies remained faithful to
duty, and since they saw that they had at hand no great supply of
soldiers, no competent commanders, and no public money — in short, none
of the things needful for carrying on the war? Even if they were waging
war with neighbours on a question of boundaries, even if in their
opinion one battle would decide the contest, they would yet come to the
task in every way better prepared and equipped than they are now. It is
still less credible that with such meagre forces they would attempt to
usurp that sovereignty over the whole world which all the civilized
peoples, kings, and barbarous nations have accepted, in part compelled
by force, in part of their own will, when conquered either by the arms
of Rome or by her generosity. Some one will ask: 'What of the
Fregellans? Did they not make the attempt on their own initiative?' Yes,
but these allies would be less ready to make the attempt
<a id="p261"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p261&nbsp;</span></a>precisely because they saw how the Fregellans fared.​<a class="ref" id="ref51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
For inexperienced peoples, unable to find in history a precedent for
every circumstance, are through imprudence easily led into error; whilst
those who know what has befallen others can easily from the fortunes of
these others draw profit for their own policies.​<a class="ref" id="ref52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
Have they, then, in taking up arms, been impelled by no motive? Have
they relied on no hope? Who will believe that any one has been so mad as
to dare, with no forces to depend on, to challenge the sovereignty of
the Roman people? They must, therefore, have had some motive, and what
else can this be but what I&nbsp;say?"​<a class="ref" id="ref53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
</p></div>
<p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R10">10</a>
<a class="sec" name="14">14</a>&nbsp;Of the Simple type of style, which
is brought down to the most ordinary speech of every day, the following
will serve as an example:
</p><div class="prose">
<p>
"Now our friend happened to enter the baths, and, after washing, was
beginning to be rubbed down. Then, just as he decided to go down into
the pool, suddenly this fellow turned up. 'Say, young chap,' said he,
'you slaveboys have just beat me; you must make it good.' The young man
grew red, for at his age he was not used to being hailed by a stranger.
This creature started to shout the same words, and more, in a louder
voice. With difficulty the youth replied: 'Well, but let me look into
the matter.'
<a id="p263"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p263&nbsp;</span></a>Right then
the fellow cries out in that tone of his that might well force blushes
from any one; this is how aggressive and harsh it is — a&nbsp;tone
certainly not practised in the neighbourhood of the Sundial,
I&nbsp;would say, but backstage, and in places of that kind.​<a class="ref" id="ref54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
The young man was embarrassed. And no wonder, for his ears still rang
with the scoldings of his tutor, and he was not used to abusive language
of this kind. For where would he have seen a buffoon, with not a blush
left, who thought of himself as having no good name to lose, so that he
could do anything he liked without damage to his reputation?"​<a class="ref" id="ref55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
</p></div>
<p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="15">15</a>&nbsp;Thus the examples themselves are
enough to make clear the types of style. For one arrangement of words is
of the simple type, another again belongs to the grand, and another
belongs to the middle.
</p><p class="justify">
But in striving to attain these styles, we must avoid falling into faulty styles closely akin to them.​<a class="ref" id="ref56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a> For instance, bordering on the Grand style, which is in itself praiseworthy, there is a style to be avoided.
<a id="p265"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p265&nbsp;</span></a>To call this the Swollen​<a class="ref" id="ref57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
style will prove correct. For just as a swelling often resembles a
healthy condition of the body, so, to those who are inexperienced,
turgid and inflated language either in new or in archaic words, or in
clumsy metaphors, or in diction more impressive than the theme demands,​<a class="ref" id="ref58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
as follows: "For he who by high treason betrays his nature land will
not have paid a condign penalty albeit hurl'd into gulfs Neptunian. So
pursue ye this man, who hath builded mounts of war, destroyed the plains
of peace."​<a class="ref" id="ref59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
Most of those who fall into this type, straying from the type they
began with, are misled by the appearance of grandeur and cannot perceive
the tumidity of the style.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R11">11</a>
<a class="sec" name="16">16</a>&nbsp;Those setting out to attain at Middle style, if <span class="whole">unsuccess</span>­ful, stray from the course and arrive at an adjacent type, which we call the Slack​<a class="ref" id="ref60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a> because it is without any sinews​<a class="ref" id="ref61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a> and joints; accordingly I&nbsp;may call it the Drifting, since it drifts to and fro, and cannot
<a id="p267"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p267&nbsp;</span></a>get under
way with resolution and virility. The following is an example: "Our
allies, when they wished to wage war with us, certainly would have
deliberated again and again on what they could do, if they were really
acting of their own accord and did not have many confederates from here,
evil men and bold.​<a class="ref" id="ref62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a> For they are used to reflecting long, all who wish to enter upon great enterprises."​<a class="ref" id="ref63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
Speech of this kind cannot hold the hearer's attention, for it is
altogether loose, and does not lay hold of a thought and encompass it in
a <span class="whole">well-rounded</span> period.
</p><p class="justify">
Those who cannot skilfully employ that elegant simplicity of diction
discussed above, arrive at a dry and bloodless kind of style which may
aptly be called the Meager.​<a class="ref" id="ref64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
The following is an example: "Now this fellow came up to this lad in
the baths. After that he says: 'Your slaveboy here has beat me.' After
that the lad says to him: "I'll think about it.' Afterwards this fellow
called the lad names and shouted louder and louder, while a&nbsp;lot of
people were there."​<a class="ref" id="ref65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
This language, to be sure, is mean and trifling, having missed the goal
of the Simple type, which is speech composed of correct and <span class="whole">well-chosen</span> words.
</p><p class="justify">
Each type of style, the grand, the middle, and the simple, gains distinction from rhetorical figures,
<a id="p269"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p269&nbsp;</span></a>which I&nbsp;shall discuss later.​<a class="ref" id="ref66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
Distributed sparingly, these figures set the style in relief, as with
colours; if packed in close succession, they set the style awry.​<a class="ref" id="ref67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
But in speaking we should vary the type of style, so that the middle
succeeds the grand and the simple the middle, and then again interchange
them, and yet again. Thus, by means of the variation,​<a class="ref" id="ref68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a> satiety is easily avoided.
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="chapter" name="R12">12</a>
<a class="sec" name="17">17</a>&nbsp;Since I&nbsp;have discussed the
types to which style should confine itself, let us now see what
qualities should characterize an appropriate and finished style. To be
in fullest measure suitable to the speaker's purpose such a style should
have three qualities: Taste, Artistic Composition,​<a class="ref" id="ref69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a> and Distinction.<a class="ref" id="ref70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
</p><p class="justify">
Taste makes each and every topic seem to be expressed with purity and
perspicuity. The subheads under Taste are Correct Latinity and Clarity.
</p><p class="justify" id="correct_Latinity">
It is Correct Latinity​<a class="ref" id="ref71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a> which keeps the language pure, and free of any fault. The faults in language
<a id="p271"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p271&nbsp;</span></a>which can
mar its Latinity are two: the Solecism and the Barbarism.
A&nbsp;solecism occurs if the concord between a word and one before it
in a group of words is faulty. A&nbsp;barbarism occurs if the verbal
expression is incorrect. How to avoid these faults I&nbsp;shall clearly
explain in my tract on grammar.<a class="ref" id="ref72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
</p><p class="justify" id="clarity">
Clarity​<a class="ref" id="ref73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a> renders language plain and intelligible. It is achieved by two means, the use of current terms​<a class="ref" id="ref74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a> and of proper terms.​<a class="ref" id="ref75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
Current terms are such as are habitually used in everyday speech.
Proper terms are such as are, or can be, the designations specially
characteristic of the subject of our discourse.<a class="ref" id="ref76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
</p><p class="justify">
<a class="sec" name="18">18</a>&nbsp;Artistic Composition consists in an
arrangement of words which gives uniform finish to the discourse in
every part. To ensure this virtue we shall avoid the frequent collision
of vowels,​<a class="ref" id="ref77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a> which makes the style harsh and gaping, as the following: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">Bacae aeneae amoenissime inpendebant.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a> We shall also avoid the excessive recurrence of the same letter,<a class="ref" id="ref79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
<a id="p273"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p273&nbsp;</span></a>and this
blemish the following verse will illustrate — for at this juncture, in
considering faults, nothing forbids me to use examples from others:
</p><div align="center"><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><div class="Latin verse">
<p>
O&nbsp;Tite, tute, Tati, tibi tanta, tyranne, tulisti.​<a class="ref" id="ref80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
</p></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="halfstart justify">
And this verse of the same poet:
</p><div align="center"><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><div class="Latin verse">
<p>
quoiquam quicquam quemquam, quemque quisque conveniat, neget.​<a class="ref" id="ref81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
</p></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="halfstart justify">
And again, we shall avoid the excessive repetition of the same word,​<a class="ref" id="ref82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a> as follows:
</p><div align="center"><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><div class="Latin verse">
<p>
Nam cuius rationis ratio non extet, ei
</p><p>
rationi ratio non est fidem habere admodum;​<a class="ref" id="ref83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
</p></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="halfstart justify">
Again, we shall not use a continuous series of words with like case endings,​<a class="ref" id="ref84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a> as follows:
</p><div align="center"><table>
<tbody><tr>
<td><div class="Latin verse">
<p>
Flentes, plorantes, lacrimantes, obtestantes.​<a class="ref" id="ref85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
</p></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p class="halfstart justify">
Again, we shall avoid the dislocation of words,​<a class="ref" id="ref86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
unless it is neatly effected — and this I&nbsp;shall discuss later.
Coelius persists in this fault, as the following illustrates: "<span lang="la" class="Latin">In priore libro has res ad te scriptas,
<a id="p275"><span class="pagenum">&nbsp;p275&nbsp;</span></a>Luci, misimus, Aeli.</span>"​<a class="ref" id="ref87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
One should likewise avoid a long period, which does violence both to
the ear of the listener and to the breathing of the speaker.
</p><p class="justify">
These vices of composition avoided, we must devote the rest of our efforts to conferring Distinction upon the style.
</p><hr class="endnotes"><a id="endnotes"></a>
<h2>
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
</h2>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.v.7
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the long prefaces to the books of Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
The character of this Introduction to Book&nbsp;4 (only the final
argument and some of the illustrations are Roman) suggests a Greek
origin. It reflects the debates between Greeks and Greeks — on Atticism
as against Asianism, or the old rhetoric, based on the imitation of the
ancients (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μίμησις τῶν ἀρχαίων</span>), as against the modern (<span lang="el" class="Greek">νεωτερισμός</span>). Hermagoras, to whose reliance on the ancients Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#8" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 1.vi.8</a>, refers, and whom Cicero in his Introduction to that
<a id="p229x"></a>work attacks, was doubtless also in the author's mind. See Paul Wendland, <i>Quaestiones Rhetoricae</i>,
Göttingen, 1914. As our notes show, in spite of the argument in this
Introduction, Book&nbsp;4 contains numerous examples taken (though often
with considerable changes) from a variety of sources, both Roman and
Greek.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
Rhetoric and poetry meet expressly also in&nbsp;4.<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">i.2</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
ii.3</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
iii.5</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
iv.7</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#R5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
v.7</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
v.8</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
xxxii.43</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
xxxii.44</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxii.34</a>. The Peripatetic school encouraged the close <span class="whole">relation</span>­ship between the two.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'tua solus</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;444</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
Ennius and Gracchus served as models for Crassus in his youth; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore1.shtml#154" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 1.34.154</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.iii.5
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
Whether civil or criminal.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
In which the <span lang="la" class="Latin">paterfamilias</span> exercises his jurisdiction. See Mommsen, pp16&nbsp;ff.; Wenger, <i>Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure</i>, pp9&nbsp;f.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the place of Imitation in our author's theory, as set forth in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.ii.3
</a>
above, with the position taken in this Preface (see esp.
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.iv.7
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.vi.9
</a>
below) against borrowing examples which should serve as models for imitation.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
The like point, with respect to rhythm, is made by Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#173" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i> 51.173</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τεχνίτης</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">τεχνογράφος</span>. On expertness in criticism see Cicero, <i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#183" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">47.183</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#190" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
51.190</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#199" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
54.199&nbsp;ff.</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#320" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
93.320</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#36" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;11.36</a>,
<a id="p233x"></a><a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/optgen.shtml#11" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>De&nbsp;Opt. Gen. Dic.</i>&nbsp;4.11</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Officiis/3A*.html#15" target="Cicero_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Offic.</i>&nbsp;3.3.15</a>; Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Thuc.</i>&nbsp;4<!--</A>DIONYSIUS-->.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a>
Of Sparta, a celebrated <span class="whole">long-distance</span> runner (<i>c.</i>&nbsp;450&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>), winner in the Olympic games, whose speed is often referred to by Roman authors; see P.‑W.&nbsp;12.380‑1.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
Text corrupt. The runner "Boïscus" (if that reading is correct) is elsewhere unknown. The name (of a Thessalian
<a id="p235x"></a>boxer) occurs in Xenophon, <i>Anab.</i>&nbsp;5.8, and (of a Samian) in W.&nbsp;Dittenberger, <i>Syll. Inscript. Graec.</i>, 3rd&nbsp;ed., Leipzig, 1915, No&nbsp;420.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<i>Corpus Fabularum Aesopicarum</i>, ed.&nbsp;Hausrath, <i>Fab.</i>&nbsp;33(1),
about the man who, boasting when away from Rhodes that he had "beaten
the Olympic record" in a jump he had made at Rhodes, and promising to
produce witnesses of his exploit if his hearers would come to Rhodes,
was challenged to repeat the leap where he was.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
In
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/epist1.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s <I>Epistles</I>, Book 1'+Lat2+LatSearch+'Monitus</SPAN>',WIDTH,185)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Epist.</i>&nbsp;1.3.15&nbsp;ff.</a>, Celsus is advised to be <span class="whole">self-reliant</span>,
and not to draw upon writers whose works he has used in the library of
the temple of Apollo — "lest, if by chance some day the flock of birds
come to reclaim their feathers, the wretched crow stripped of his stolen
colours excite laughter." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the jackdaw in
<a href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/phaedrus/13.htm" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Phaedrus, <i>Fab.&nbsp;Aesop.</i>&nbsp;1.3
</a>
and
<a href="http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/babrius/72.htm" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Babrius, <i>Mythiamb. Aesop.</i>&nbsp;72</a>. Philodemus, <i>Rhet.</i>,
ed.&nbsp;Sudhaus, 2.67‑8, says that in drawing certain technical
principles from other arts, such as dialectic, the rhetoricians have
"decked themselves out with borrowed plumage." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also in Lucian, <i>Pseudolog.</i>&nbsp;5<!--</A>LUCIAN-->, the sophist's speech, "like Aesop's jackdaw patched together with borrowed plumes of many colours."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the rule in Theon&nbsp;8 (Spengel 2.110.25) that in epideictic the judgements must be taken from reputable men.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="C" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
But <i>cf.</i>,&nbsp;just above, <span lang="la" class="Latin">eas confirmare</span>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#p375" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xliv.57, end</a>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">exemplo conprobatum</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Problem.</i>&nbsp;18.3 (916<span class="small">B</span>):
"We more readily believe in facts to which many bear witness, and
examples and tales are like witnesses; furthermore, belief through
witnesses is easy;" <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;2.20 (1394<span class="small">A</span>):
"If we lack enthymemes, we must use examples as logical proofs
.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. If we have enthymemes, we must use examples as
witnesses, subsequent and supplementary to the enthymemes.
.&nbsp;.&nbsp;. When they follow the enthymemes examples function like
witnesses." <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also the definition and functions of the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">exemplum</span>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xlix.62
</a>
below, and note. On Example as rhetorical induction see Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;1.2 (1356<span class="small">B</span>, 1357<span class="small">B</span>), and <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<i>Anal.&nbsp;Pr.</i> 2.24 (68<span class="small">B</span>&nbsp;ff.); its place in Cicero's theory of argumentation, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#44" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">1.xxix.44&nbsp;ff.</a>, esp.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#49" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#169" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i>&nbsp;2.40.169</a>. See further
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5C*.html#11" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian,&nbsp;5.11.1&nbsp;ff.</a>, and on the <span lang="la" class="Latin">exemplum</span> in deliberative speaking
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.v.9
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
From the celebrated speech delivered before an Assembly of the people in <span class="small">B.C.</span>&nbsp;106
by L.&nbsp;Licinius Crassus in support of the law by which
Q.&nbsp;Servilius Caepio sought, on behalf of the Senate, to wrest the
judicial powers from the <span lang="la" class="Latin">equites</span>. In
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore1.shtml#225" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 1.52.225</a>, the passage is fuller:
"Deliver us from our miseries, deliver us from the jaws of those whose
cruelty cannot have enough of our blood: suffer us not to be slaves to
any but yourselves as a whole, <i>whom we both can and ought</i> to serve." See also
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/paradoxa.shtml#41" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Paradoxa Stoic.</i>&nbsp;5.41</a>. The figure of speech is Homoeoteleuton; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#homoeoteleuton" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xx.28
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#8" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i>&nbsp;1.vi.8</a>:
"But for a speaker it is a very unimportant thing to speak concerning
his art — that Hermagoras has done; by far the most important thing is
to speak in conformity with his art — and this, as we all see,
Hermagoras was altogether incapable of doing."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">δράματα</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">fabula</span> in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.viii.13</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.vi.10</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.viii.12
</a>
above. The task of copying was usually entrusted to slaves.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Isocrates, <i>Ad&nbsp;Nicocl.</i>&nbsp;44<!-- ISOCRATES -->, on the selection of maxims from the outstanding poets.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the Preface to the <i>Rhet. ad&nbsp;Alex.</i> (1421<span class="small">A</span>): "For the <span class="whole">so‑called</span>
Parian sophists, because they did not themselves give birth to what
they teach, have no love for it, in their tasteless indifference, and
peddle it about for money."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
After the Greek writers have had their say, and have been refuted, our author takes up his own "constructive" case; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.i.1</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
The theory and practice of presenting examples from a variety of sources
were doubtless Peripatetic; the rhetoricians criticized belong perhaps
to the second century&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> The use
<a id="p243x"></a>of one's own examples, on the other hand, goes back to Corax (see Paul Wendland, <i>Anaximenes von&nbsp;Lampsakos</i>, Berlin, 1905, pp31&nbsp;ff.) and was characteristic of the sophists and of the author of the <i>Rhet. ad&nbsp;Alex.</i> Note that neither point of view can be regarded as characteristically Greek.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
Their theory is set forth in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.i.1‑ii.3
</a>
above.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
In
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#90" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i>&nbsp;2.22.90‑3</a>, Antonius discusses the imitation of some one good model; Quintilian, in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10C*.html#5.19" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
10.5.19</a>, urges the student to follow this "custom of our ancestors," but in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10B*.html#2.23" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
10.2.23
</a>
advises him not to devote himself entirely to imitating one particular style. Seneca,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/seneca.contr1.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Seneca\'s <I>Controversiae</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'quo plura</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Contr.</i>&nbsp;1, <i>Praef.</i>&nbsp;6</a>, takes a stand against the adoption of a single model, however eminent.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
On the eloquence of these orators see the following sections in Cicero, <i>Brutus</i>: M.&nbsp;Porcius Cato (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span> 195&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#63" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
63&nbsp;ff.</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#293" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
293&nbsp;ff.</a>; Ti.&nbsp;Sempronius Gracchus (<span lang="la" class="Latin">tr.&nbsp;pl.</span> 133&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#103" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
103‑4</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#296" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
296</a>; C.&nbsp;Sempronius Gracchus (<span lang="la" class="Latin">tr.&nbsp;pl.</span> 123&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#125" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
125‑6</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#296" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
296</a>; C.&nbsp;Laelius (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;140&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>), P.&nbsp;Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus Minor, <span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;147, 134&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>), and Ser.&nbsp;Sulpicius Galba (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;144&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#82" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
82&nbsp;ff.</a>; M.&nbsp;Aemilius Lepidus Porcina (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;137&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#95" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
95‑6</a>; M.&nbsp;Antonius (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;99&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>) and L.&nbsp;Licinius Crassus (<span lang="la" class="Latin">cos.</span>&nbsp;95&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#139" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
139&nbsp;ff.</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
Who exemplifies only a&nbsp;few virtues.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
On the popularity of this maxim in different forms see Otto, <i>s.v.</i>&nbsp;"omnis" 1&nbsp;and&nbsp;2, pp254‑5.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
Here is reflected the quarrel, in the second century, between
philosophers and rhetoricians concerning education: see Hans
von&nbsp;Arnim, <i>Leben und Werke des Dio von&nbsp;Prusa</i>, Berlin, 1898, ch.&nbsp;1, Hubbell, <i>The Rhetorica of Philodemus</i>,
pp364‑382, Kroll in P.‑W., "Rhetorik," coll.&nbsp;1080‑90. For example,
the three Greek philosophers who came as ambassadors from Athens to
Rome in&nbsp;155&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> (and wielded considerable influence there) were all opposed to rhetoric&nbsp;—
<a id="p247x"></a>the Academic Carneades, the Peripatetic Critolaüs, and the Stoic Diogenes the Babylonian.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demosthenes*.html#23" target="Plutarch_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Plutarch,WIDTH,PlutarchWidth)" onmouseout="nd();">
Plutarch, <i>Demosth.</i>&nbsp;23</a>: "Further, [when Alexander
demanded the surrender of the Athenian leaders,] Demosthenes said: 'Just
as we see merchants selling their stock of wheat by means of a&nbsp;few
grains which they carry about with them in a bowl as a sample, so by
giving us up, you, without knowing it, give yourselves up too, all of
you.'&nbsp;"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>&nbsp;13.3: "Plato, who from that great Homeric spring drew to himself countless side streams;"
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.46" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 10.1.46</a>, and Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Composit. Verb.</i>&nbsp;24, on Homer, as source of inspiration, representing his own conception of Ocean (<i>Il.</i>&nbsp;21.196‑7).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
In the eyes of Rhodians, Chares, who produced the Colossus in&nbsp;280&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>,
would belong in this list of celebrated sculptors of Greece. Lysippus,
his teacher, was a contemporary of Alexander the Great; Myron <i>fl.</i>&nbsp;460&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; Praxiteles was born <i>c.</i>&nbsp;390&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>; Polycleitus <i>fl.</i>&nbsp;450‑420&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span> Rhetoricians liked to use the graphic arts for comparison in their theory. <i>Cf.</i>,&nbsp;for example, Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#1" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i> 2.i.1&nbsp;ff.</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#70" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;18.70</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#8" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;2.8&nbsp;ff.</a>;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'persimilem</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>, <i>init.</i>
</a>
(poem and painting, as in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxviii.39
</a>
below);
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/12D*.html#10" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 12.10.1&nbsp;ff.</a>; Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Imit.</i>&nbsp;6 (ed.&nbsp;<span class="whole">Usener-Radermacher</span>,
<a id="p249x"></a>2[1].203, and for the method contrary to that in our author's analogy, fragm.&nbsp;6<span class="small">A</span>, p214); Theon&nbsp;1, in Spengel 2.62.1&nbsp;ff. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xi.16
</a>
below: "set the style in relief, as with colours"; Cousin, <i>Études sur Quintilien</i>, 1.658&nbsp;ff.; Friedrich Blass, <i>Die griechische Beredsamkeit in dem Zeitraum von&nbsp;Alexander bis auf Augustus</i>, Berlin, 1865, pp222&nbsp;ff.; E.&nbsp;Bertrand, <i>De&nbsp;pictura et sculptura apud veteres rhetores</i>, Paris, 1881; Julius Brzoska, <i>De&nbsp;canone decem oratorum Atticorum quaestiones</i>, Breslau, 1883, pp69&nbsp;ff., 81&nbsp;ff.; Lessing, <i>Laokoon</i>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
Cicero,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#75" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;19.75</a>, likens the pleasurable effect of Naevius' <i>Bellum Punicum</i> to that yielded by a work of Myron; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Thuc.</i>&nbsp;4<!--</A>DIONYSIUS-->.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1.x.17</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.47</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxiii.32</a>. The idea is widespread in ancient rhetoric; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>&nbsp;3.2 (1404<span class="small">B</span>):
"Hence may be inferred the need to disguise the art we employ, so that
we give the impression of speaking naturally, not artificially.
Naturalness is persuasive, artifice is the contrary. People take offence
at a speaker who employs artifice, and think he has designs on them —
as if he were mixing drinks for them;" also 3.7&nbsp;(1408<span class="small">B</span>). See further Philodemus, <i>Rhet.</i>, ed.&nbsp;Sudhaus, 1.200; Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Lys.</i>&nbsp;8; Dionysius, <i>Ars&nbsp;Rhet.</i>&nbsp;8.16 (ed.&nbsp;<span class="whole">Usener-Radermacher</span>, 2[1].322); Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>&nbsp;22.1:
"For art is perfect when it seems to be nature, and nature is effective
when she contains art hidden within her," 17.1‑2, 38.3;
Anon.&nbsp;Seg.&nbsp;94, in <span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1(2).369; Hermogenes, <i>De&nbsp;Meth. Gravit.</i>&nbsp;17 (ed. Rabe, p433); Philostratus, <i>Vita
<a id="p251x"></a>Apollon.</i>&nbsp;8.6; Longinus, in <span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1(2).195.4; Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Inv.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#25" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">1.xviii.25</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#98" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.lii.98</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#139" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Brutus</i>&nbsp;37.139</a>, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i>
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#156" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.37.156</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#177" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.41.177</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#38" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;12.38</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'simplicium</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
<i>Part. Orat.</i>&nbsp;6.19</a>;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met10.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Book 10<BR>of Ovid\'s <I>Metamorphoses</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'latet</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Ovid, <i>Metam.</i>&nbsp;10.252</a>; Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1C*.html#11.3" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.11.3</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/2A*.html#5.7" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.5.7</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.8" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.1.8‑9</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.54" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.1.54</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.56" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.1.56‑58</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4B*.html#2.59" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.2.59</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4B*.html#2.126" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.2.126‑7</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9D*.html#4.144" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
9.4.144</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/11B*.html#2.47" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
11.2.47</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
<span lang="la" class="Latin">Postremo .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. rationem</span> form a hexameter.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὀνόματα τεχνικά</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Varro in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/acad.shtml#[6]" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s <I>Academica</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'inusitatis</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Academ.</i>&nbsp;1.6.24</a>: "Since we are treating unusual subjects you will no doubt allow me on occasion to use words <span class="whole">unheard‑of</span> before, as the Greeks themselves do, and they have now been treating these subjects for a long time";
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#211" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;57.211</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
The three kinds do not occur in every correct discourse, but the kinds of correct discourse are limited to these three.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">χαρακτῆρες</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">πλάσματα</span>. Notice the word <span lang="la" class="Latin">figura</span>. Our author's term corresponding to English "figure of speech" is <span lang="la" class="Latin">exornatio</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σχῆμα</span>), as in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiii.18
</a>
below (Cicero's term, <span lang="la" class="Latin">lumen</span>, is used only in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxiii.32
</a>
below); <span lang="la" class="Latin">figura</span> as "figure of speech" first appears in Quintilian.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἁδρόν</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μεγαλοπρεπές</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">περιττόν</span>), <span lang="el" class="Greek">μέσον</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μικτόν</span>), <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἰσχνόν</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">λιτόν</span>), and for other terms see W.&nbsp;Schmid, <i>Rhein. Mus.</i>&nbsp;49&nbsp;(1894), 136&nbsp;ff. Here is the first extant division of the styles into three. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;especially Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i>&nbsp;3.<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#177" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">45.177</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#199" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
52.199</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#212" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
55.212</a>, <i>Orator</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#20" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">5.20&nbsp;ff.</a>,
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#75" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
23.75&nbsp;ff.</a>; Dionys. Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Demosth.</i>&nbsp;1&nbsp;ff., and for the doctrine as transferred to Composition (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σύνθεσις</span>), <i>De&nbsp;Composit. Verb.</i>, chaps.&nbsp;21&nbsp;ff.;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/12D*.html#10.58" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Quintilian, 12.10.58&nbsp;ff.</a>; also Varro in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/6*.html#14" target="Gellius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Gellius&nbsp;6.14</a>. To Cicero
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#69" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(<i>Orator</i>&nbsp;21.69&nbsp;ff.</a>), following a Hellenistic (and
doubtless Peripatetic) concept, each of the styles represents a function
of the orator, the plain (<span lang="la" class="Latin">subtile</span>) serving for proof (<span lang="la" class="Latin">probare</span>), the middle (<span lang="la" class="Latin">modicum</span>) for delight (<span lang="la" class="Latin">delectare</span>), and the vigorous (<span lang="la" class="Latin">vehemens</span>)
<a id="p253x"></a>for swaying the hearers (<span lang="la" class="Latin">flectere</span>).
Scholars are not in agreement on the ultimate origin of the fixed
categories; some assign the doctrine to Theophrastus (see A.&nbsp;Körte,
<i>Hermes</i> 64 [1929],&nbsp;80, and Wilhelm Kroll, <i>Rhein. Mus.</i>&nbsp;62 [1907], 86&nbsp;ff., Introd. to&nbsp;ed. of Cicero, <i>Orator</i>
[Berlin, 1913], p4, note&nbsp;1, and "Rhetorik,"
coll.&nbsp;1074&nbsp;f.), while others deny this attribution (see
G.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Hendrickson, <i>Amer. Journ. Philol.</i>&nbsp;25 [1904], 125‑46<!--</A>JOURNAL:AJP:25-->
and&nbsp;26 [1905], 249‑290<!--</A>JOURNAL:AJP:26-->, and Stroux, <i>De&nbsp;Theophrasti virt. dic.</i>,
Leipzig, 1912, chaps.&nbsp;1, 7, and&nbsp;8). On varying views of the
part played by the Peripatetic ethical idea of the mean (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μεσότης</span>) in the development of the doctrine see especially the articles by Hendrickson and Kroll, and S.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Bonner in <i>Class. Philol.</i>&nbsp;33&nbsp;(1938), 257‑266<!--</A>JOURNAL:CP:33-->. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the four types of style in Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i>&nbsp;36, the twofold division in
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#201" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Brutus</i> 55.201</a>; and see Fritz Wehrli, "Der erhabene und der schlichte Stil in der <span class="whole">poetisch-rhetorischen</span> Theorie der Antike," <i>Phyllobolia für Peter von&nbsp;der&nbsp;Mühll</i>, Basel, 1946, p29. Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/12D*.html#10.66" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
12.10.66&nbsp;ff.</a>, considers the limitation to three styles arbitrary.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
Echoed below in connection with Epanaphora
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#epanaphora" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(xiii.19)</a>, Antithesis
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#antithesis" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(xv.21)</a>, Interrogation
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#interrogation" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(xv.22)</a>, Paronomasia
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#paronomasia" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(xxiii.32)</a>, Surrender (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#surrender" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">xxxix.39
</a>
—&nbsp;provoking pity), and Asyndeton (<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#asyndeton" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">xxx.41
</a>
—&nbsp;animation).
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiii.19&nbsp;ff.</a>
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Cicero, <i>Verr.</i>&nbsp;2.2.16.40<!--</A>CICERO:VERRRINES-->: "How shall one deal with this man? What punishment can be found commensurate with his lawlessness?"
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
On the criminal law in respect to wounding with intent to kill, see Mommsen, p627.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;the ninth commonplace in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#commonplace_9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxx.49
</a>
above, the comparison of crimes.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
This passage (see also
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxvi.48
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxix.51
</a>
below, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xxviii.45
</a>
above) is not to be taken (with Mommsen, p972, note&nbsp;1) as evidence
that interdiction was the legal punishment for treason exacted of a
citizen. Note "bequeathed no specific penalty" above in this example,
and see Ernst Levy, <i>Die röm. Kapitalstrafe</i>, Sitzungsber. Heidelberg. Akad. (philos.-hist. Klasse) 21,&nbsp;5 (1930‑31), 20&nbsp;ff.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
The example is of an <span lang="la" class="Latin">amplificatio criminis</span>, belonging to the Conclusion of a speech. For an analysis of this passage, see Jules Marouzeau, <i>Rev. de&nbsp;Philol.</i> 45&nbsp;(1921), 155‑6, and <i>Traité de stylistique appliqué au Latin</i>,
Paris, 1935, p181: The diction is grandiloquent, but not artificial as
in the passage below illustrating the swollen style. Note the elegant
and learned abstract in <span lang="la" class="Latin">-tus</span> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">dominatu</span>) for <span lang="la" class="Latin">–ito</span>, the archaic genitive <span lang="la" class="Latin">deum</span>, the <span class="whole">far-fetched</span> <span lang="la" class="Latin">hostilem libidinem</span> (adj. serving for genitive of noun), the artificial disjunctions (<i>e.g.</i>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">idoneam .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. poenam</span>), the periods, the tripartite interjections, the chiasmus in <span lang="la" class="Latin">violassent ingenuum, matremfamilias constuprassent</span>, the play on words (<span lang="la" class="Latin">hominem humanitate, excogitare cogitarit</span>), the accumulation of epithets and of superlatives, the contrasts as in <span lang="la" class="Latin">uno consilio, universis civibus</span>, the variety in the echoes (<span lang="la" class="Latin">quo pacto, quo modo</span>), the periphrasis
<a id="p257x"></a>in <span lang="la" class="Latin">huius sceleris qui sunt adfines</span>, the expressive verbs (<span lang="la" class="Latin">excogitare</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">constuprassent</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">machinantur</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">conflagrata</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">trucidatis</span>), and the poetic words (<i>e.g.</i>,&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">moenibus</span>). Figures of speech are Paronomasia (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#paronomasia" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxi.29
</a>
below) in <span lang="la" class="Latin">excogitare .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. cogitarit</span>, Isocolon (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#isocolon" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xx.27
</a>
below) in <span lang="la" class="Latin">Quod maleficium conparari, quod huic .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. inveniri</span>, Apostrophe (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#apostrophe" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xv.22
</a>
below) in <span lang="la" class="Latin">O&nbsp;feros animos .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. humanitate</span>, Reasoning by Question and Answer (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#reasoning_by_question_and_answer" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xvi.23
</a>
below) in <span lang="la" class="Latin">Quid agere</span>,&nbsp;<i>etc.</i>, and Surrender (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#surrender" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxix.39
</a>
below) in the last two sentences of the passage. The passage contains no
periods ending with monosyllables; the example of the middle style
below contains a&nbsp;few. It contains sixteen dichorees (<img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4a_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4a_files/breve.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4a_files/macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;macron"><img title="" width="14" height="12" hspace="1" src="book_4a_files/breve_or_macron.gif" alt="A&nbsp;breve over a macron">) in the clausulae; the example of the middle style contains eight, and that of the simple style only one. See Friedrich Blass, <i>Die Rhythmen der asianischen und römischen Kunstprosa</i>, Leipzig, 1905, pp107‑9; Konrad Burdach, <i><span class="whole">Schlesisch-böhmische</span> Briefmuster aus der Wende des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts</i> (Vom Mittelalter zur Reformation&nbsp;5), Berlin, 1926, pp106&nbsp;ff.; and the notes on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xix.26
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note147" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxii.44
</a>
below. Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Demosth.</i>, ch.&nbsp;1, chooses Gorgias and Thucydides as representatives of the grand style.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.viii.11</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
By destroying Fregellae when, after a long history of loyalty, she rebelled in&nbsp;125&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, Rome kept her Italian confederacy intact. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xv.22
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxvii.37
</a>
below. The figure here is Hypophora; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#hypophora" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxiii.33
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
For the maxim (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#maxims" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xvii.24
</a>
below) <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ter.heauton.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Terence\'s Heautontimorumenos'+Lat2+LatSearch+'nunc ait</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Terence, <i>Heaut. Tim.</i>&nbsp;221</a>; Publilius Syrus 177
<!--</A>PUBLILIUS SYRUS-->
(ed.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Wight Duff and A.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Duff): "From another's fault a wise man corrects his own,"
60<!--</A>PUBLILIUS SYRUS-->: "In another's misfortune it is good to descry what to avoid," and
133<!--</A>PUBLILIUS SYRUS-->;
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/livy/liv.22.shtml#39" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,190)" onmouseout="nd();">
Livy, 22.39.10</a>;
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/4C*.html#33" target="Tacitus_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Tacitus,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
Tacitus, <i>Annals</i> 4.33</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
Whether the example is an excerpt from a speech actually delivered, or
our author's own creation, is uncertain. The sentiments are such as
Q.&nbsp;Varius Hybrida might have uttered
<a id="p261x"></a>in support of his law (90&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>)
prosecuting those who by malicious fraud compelled the allies to war
against Rome; confederates at Rome are referred to in the example of the
slack style,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xi.16
</a>
below. The present example belongs to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">rationis confirmatio</span> of an argument (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
2.xviii.28
</a>
above), and is not so impassioned as the example of the grand style above. Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Demosth.</i>, ch.&nbsp;3&nbsp;ff., chooses Thrasymachus, Isocrates, and Plato as representatives of the middle style.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
The Sundial, in the Forum, was a much frequented <span class="whole">meeting-place</span> for gossip; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/quinc.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s Oratio pro Quinctio'+Lat2+LatSearch+'solarium</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Pro&nbsp;Quinctio</i> 18.59</a>.
The Roman citizen ordinarily looked down upon actors as beneath his
dignity; they were usually freedmen or slaves. For the connection
between the stage and vice see, <i>e.g.</i>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/cat2.shtml#9" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>In&nbsp;Cat.</i>&nbsp;2.5.9</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
Analysing this example of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">adtenuatum genus</span> (the "thinness" refers to lack of adornment and fineness of texture), Marouzeau, <i>Traité</i>, pp181‑2 and <i>art.&nbsp;cit.</i>, pp156‑7, points to the forms of colloquial usage (<span lang="la" class="Latin">pedagogi</span>, the diminutive <span lang="la" class="Latin">oriculas</span>), idioms like <span lang="la" class="Latin">de&nbsp;traverso</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">coepit</span> with the passive, the vulgar use of the archaism <span lang="la" class="Latin">pone</span> for <span lang="la" class="Latin">post</span>, and of the indicative <span lang="la" class="Latin">potest</span> in a characterizing clause, the expletive use as in conversation of the ethical dative <span lang="la" class="Latin">tibi</span> with <span lang="la" class="Latin">ecce</span>, the frequent use of the demonstrative <span lang="la" class="Latin">iste</span> for <span lang="la" class="Latin">hic</span> or&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">is</span>, the
<a id="p263x"></a>accusative of quality in <span lang="la" class="Latin">id&nbsp;aetatis</span>, the asyndeton in <span lang="la" class="Latin">satisfacias oportet</span>, and the type of parataxis characteristic of comedy in <span lang="la" class="Latin">ita petulans est .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. exercitata</span>. See also J.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Hofmann, <i>Lat. Umgangssprache</i>, Heidelberg, 1936, p207. For <span lang="la" class="Latin">heus</span> see <i>ibid.</i>, sect.&nbsp;17; for <span lang="la" class="Latin">eicere</span> (=&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">efferre</span>), sect.&nbsp;138. For <span lang="la" class="Latin">quod de&nbsp;existimatione perderet</span> see <span class="whole">Schmalz-Hofmann</span>, pp526&nbsp;f. Note also the brevity of <span lang="la" class="Latin">Hic vix</span>. The example is a factual, not primarily emotional, <span lang="la" class="Latin">narratio</span>, which is a division of <span lang="la" class="Latin">sermo</span>; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.xiii.23
</a>
above. Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Demosth.</i>, ch.&nbsp;2, chooses Lysias as representative of the simple style.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρακείμενα ἁμαρτήματα</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://archive.org/stream/rhetoresgraeci00spen#page/246" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,2,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>, ch.&nbsp;3</a>, and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'decipimur</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;24‑8</a>. These deviations (<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρεκβάσεις</span>) are Peripatetic in concept; excess in style is judged in relation to the mean. The faulty styles were known to Marcus Varro
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/6*.html#14" target="Gellius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Gellius&nbsp;6.14)</a>; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;also Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i> 114, 186, 236, 302.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">οἰδοῦν</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπηρμένον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑπερβάλλον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">φυσῶδες</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Longinus, <i>De&nbsp;Sublim.</i>&nbsp;3.4: "Evil are the swellings (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὄγκοι</span>),
both in the body and in diction, which are inflated and unreal, and
threaten us with the reverse of our aim" (tr.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Rhys
Roberts);
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'turget</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;27</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
Thus violating propriety (<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ πρέπον</span>). See notes on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#note79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.xv.26</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xi.16</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xii.17</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xv.22</a>, and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/Introduction*.html#treatment_of_Style" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
Introduction, p.&nbsp;xx</a>. For a study of the history of this principle, see Max Pohlenz, <i>Nachrichten von&nbsp;der Gesellsch. der Wissensch. zu&nbsp;Göttingen (Philol.-histor. Klasse)</i>, 1933, pp53‑92.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
Marouzeau, <i>art.&nbsp;cit.</i>, pp157‑8, and <i>Traité</i>, p181, analyses the learned affectations in spelling, forms, and construction, all embraced by a <i>tour de&nbsp;force</i> in four lines. Note the archaic forms <span lang="la" class="Latin">subplicii</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">poenite</span>, and the Lucretian <span lang="la" class="Latin">montis</span>; the curious <span lang="la" class="Latin">depultus</span>, representing the primitive form
<a id="p265x"></a>of the participle; the ancient deponent <span lang="la" class="Latin">fabricari</span>; the emphatic <span lang="la" class="Latin">venditare</span>; <span lang="la" class="Latin">perduellionibus</span>, rare example of an abstract in the plural (the author elsewhere uses <span lang="la" class="Latin">maiestas</span>; for the difference between the two crimes see H.&nbsp;F.&nbsp;Jolowicz, <i>Historical Introd. to the Study of Roman Law</i>, 2nd&nbsp;ed., Cambridge, 1952, p327); the highly poetic <span lang="la" class="Latin">lacunas</span>; the disjunction of <span lang="la" class="Latin">Neptunias</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">lacunas</span>; the adjective <span lang="la" class="Latin">Neptunias</span> for the genitive of the noun; the learned double metaphor in <span lang="la" class="Latin">montis</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">campos</span>.
These passages illustrating the faulty styles were doubtless made up by
our author, with the examples of the faultless styles in view.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκλελυμένον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">διαλελυμένον</span>. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#228" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 68.228</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a>
For the analogy <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Fortunatianus&nbsp;3.9<!--</A>FORTUNATIANUS-->
(Halm, p126): "What style is the reverse of the middle style? The
lukewarm, slack, and, as I&nbsp;may call it, sinewless style"; and
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/horace/arspoet.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Horace\'s Ars Poetica'+Lat2+LatSearch+'deficiunt</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Horace, <i>Ars Poet.</i>&nbsp;26‑7</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
The phrase <span lang="la" class="Latin">malos et audaces</span> is used by Sisenna, fragm.&nbsp;110, <i>Hist. Rom. Reliquiae</i>, ed.&nbsp;Hermann Peter, Leipzig, 1914, 1.291. "Here" refers to Rome.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Sophocles, <i>Electra</i>&nbsp;320: "Yes, a man entering upon a great enterprise likes to pause."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ταπεινόν</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ξηρόν</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
Analysing this example of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">sermo inliberalis</span>, Marouzeau, <i>Traité</i>, pp103 and&nbsp;182, and <i>art.&nbsp;cit.</i>, p157, calls attention to the unsyncopated <span lang="la" class="Latin">balineis</span> (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">4.x.14
</a>
and
<a id="p267x"></a><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4.l.63</a>), the reinforced <span lang="la" class="Latin">istic</span> (<i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<span lang="la" class="Latin">iste</span> in the example of the simple style above), the violation of the concord of number in the Old Latin expression <span lang="la" class="Latin">praesente multis</span> (see <span class="whole">Schmalz-Hofmann</span>, p638; W.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Lindsay, <i>Syntax of Plautus</i>, Oxford, 1907, p4), the adverbial <span lang="la" class="Latin">post</span>, the vulgar locution <span lang="la" class="Latin">convicium facere</span>, the abuse of the demonstrative in <span lang="la" class="Latin">istic</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">hunc</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">hic</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">hic</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">illi</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">illi</span>, the monotonous transitions, the awkward parataxis and short sentences, the employment thrice of <span lang="la" class="Latin">post</span> or <span lang="la" class="Latin">postea</span>, and the direct style for the short and insignificant reply.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiii.18
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
Thus violating propriety; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.x.15
</a>
above. If <span lang="la" class="Latin">oblitam</span> be the correct reading, then "they produce an overloaded, or overdaubed, style."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a>
<span lang="la" class="Latin">Tractatio</span>; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#note89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
note to 2.xviii.27
</a>
above. Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Demosth.</i>, chaps.&nbsp;8&nbsp;ff., thinks that Demosthenes best blended all three types of style.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">σύνθεσις ὀνομάτων</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἁρμονία</span>. The scanty treatment of Artistic Composition in
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xii.18
</a>
below is confined to the avoidance of faults rather than to constructive theory.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
The qualities were chiefly treated by the Peripatetics and Stoics. The
Theophrastan scheme is here modified. The four qualities in
Theophrastus' system were Purity (<span lang="el" class="Greek">Ἑλληνισμός</span>), Clarity (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σαφήνεια</span>), Appropriateness (<span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ πρέπον</span>), and Ornamentation (<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατασκευή</span>), this last embra­cing Correct Choice of Words (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκλογὴ ὀνομάτων</span>), Artistic Composition (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἁρμονία</span>), and the Figures (<span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα</span>). Thus for our author, <span lang="la" class="Latin">elegantia</span>
<a id="p269x"></a>comprises two primary qualities of Theophrastus' scheme; Appropriateness (see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
note on 4.x.15
</a>
above) is here missing; the ornamentation residing in the choice of words is left unconsidered (except for what he says under <span lang="la" class="Latin">explanatio</span>, and his treatment of Metaphor among the figures; see
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxiv.45
</a>
below); Artistic Composition is a primary quality, and is not treated as
a branch of Ornamentation; finally, Ornamentation, represented by <span lang="la" class="Latin">dignitas</span>, is limited to the Figures. See Stroux, <i>De&nbsp;Theophrasti virt. dic.</i>, pp22‑3, 64‑7.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a>
Corresponds to <span lang="el" class="Greek">Ἑλληνισμός</span> among the Greek rhetoricians. Solecism and barbarism were studied chiefly by the Stoics. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Quintilian,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html#5.5" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.5.5&nbsp;ff.</a>,
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/1B*.html#5.34" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
1.5.34&nbsp;ff.</a>; C.&nbsp;N.&nbsp;Smiley, <i><span lang="la" class="Latin">Latinitas</span> and <span class="smaller Greek">ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΣ</span></i>, Madison, 1906; Hubbell, <i>The Rhetorica of Philodemus</i>, p295, note&nbsp;4; Volkmann, p396, note&nbsp;1; Alexander Numenii, <i>De&nbsp;Schemat.</i>, in Spengel&nbsp;3.9.25: "Barbarism involves correction of a word, solecism of the syntax."
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
At this juncture in the discussion of Style rhetoricians would refer to grammatical studies; <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/8A*.html#1.2" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 8.1.2</a>; Martianus Capella, 5.508<!--</A>CAPELLA5-->. Whether our author ever wrote a tract on Grammar we do not know; see notes on
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#note17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.ii.3
</a>
and
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#note82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
3.xvi.28
</a>
above. This is the earliest mention in extant literature of a specific Latin <span lang="la" class="Latin">ars grammatica</span>. The close connection between grammatical and rhetorical studies is characteristic of Rhodian education.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">σαφήνεια</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κοινὰ ἔπη</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
<span lang="el" class="Greek">οἰκεῖα ἔπη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">κύρια ἔπη</span>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
The regular designations of things, literal as against metaphorical, the
designations "which were so to speak born with the things themselves"
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore3.shtml#149" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Cicero, <i>De&nbsp;Oratore</i> 3.37.149)</a>.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a>
Hiatus, <span lang="el" class="Greek">σύνκρουσις φωνηέντων</span>. On this subject <i>cf.</i>&nbsp;Dionysius Halic., <i>De&nbsp;Composit. Verb.</i>, ch.&nbsp;23, and especially
<a id="p271x"></a>Demetrius, <i>De&nbsp;Elocut.</i> 2.68&nbsp;ff.,
5.299, who, while warning against a jerky style, yet points to the
force, music, and harmony of speech that hiatus can bring. Isocrates and
his followers, and Demosthenes, avoided hiatus, Thucydides and Plato
[in his earlier dialogues] did not; see
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#150" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 44.150&nbsp;ff.</a> Philodemus, <i>Rhet.</i>, ed.&nbsp;Sudhaus, 1.163, thinks hiatus rather frigid, but sometimes convenient.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a>
The <span class="whole">copper-coloured</span> berries hung most invitingly"; Asian in style.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
Alliteration; most often Paromoeon to the grammarians; Homoeoprophoron to Martianus Capella (5.514)<!--</A>CAPELLA5-->. Alliteration (as it has been called since early modern times) played a larger rôle in Latin than in Greek style; see <span class="whole">Schmalz-Hofmann</span>, pp801‑3, Marouzeau, <i>Traité</i>, pp42‑7, and Eduard Wölfflin, "Zur Allitteration," <i>Mélanges Boissier</i>, Paris, 1903, pp461‑4.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
"Thyself to thyself, Titus Tatius the tyrant, thou tookest those
terrible troubles" (Fragm.&nbsp;108, tr.&nbsp;Warmington); from Ennius' <i>Annals</i>, Bk.&nbsp;<span class="small">I</span>. See Vahlen p18. <i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Charisius, ed.&nbsp;Barwick, p370, and Donatus, in Keil, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i> 4.398.20.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
Marx suggests that in the original play this verse might have been preceded by something like <span lang="la" class="Latin">cum debere carnufex</span>. "[Since the rascal] denies that anyone [owes] anything to
<a id="p273x"></a>anyone, whoever sues whomever." We do not know from which play (comedy) of Ennius the verse comes.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
Transplacement. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#transplacement" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xiv.20
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
"For when the reasonableness of a reason is not evident, in that reason
it is not reasonable to put any faith at all." These iambic senarii are
by Marx, <i>Proleg.</i>, p118, thought to be in the style of Ennius.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
Homoeoptoton. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#homoeoptoton" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xx.28
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
"Bewailing, imploring, weeping, protesting." Spondaic hexameter,
assigned without certitude to Ennius; see Vahlen, p16, Warmington 1.462.
<i>Cf.</i>&nbsp;Charisius, ed.&nbsp;Barwick, p371; Diomedes, in Keil, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i> 1.447.16; and Donatus, in Keil 4.398.23.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
Hyperbaton. See
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#hyperbaton" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
4.xxxii.44
</a>
below.
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
<p class="justify">
<a class="note" id="note87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#ref87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
L.&nbsp;Coelius Antipater, after&nbsp;121&nbsp;<span class="small">B.C.</span>, dedicated his <i>Punic War</i> (in seven books) to L.&nbsp;Aelius Stilo. In the Preface to Book&nbsp;<span class="small">I</span> he promised that he would use Hyperbaton only when necessary
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/orator.shtml#230" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
(Cicero, <i>Orator</i> 69.230)</a>, but he violated this principle, as here in the Preface to Book&nbsp;<span class="small">II</span>:
"In the previous Book, Lucius Aelius, I&nbsp;dedicated to you the
account of these events." Following a normal word order the sentence
would read: <span lang="la" class="Latin">In priore libro, Luci Aeli, has res scriptas ad&nbsp;te misimus.</span> Note also that beginning with the fourth word we have a complete dactylic hexameter — an example of epic influence.
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