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LacusCurtius • Ad Herennium — Book I
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<br><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/HELP/contact.html" target="help" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
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<p class="halfstart center">
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This webpage reproduces part of
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<br>
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a complete English translation of the
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<br>
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<span class="bold larger">
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Rhetorica ad Herennium
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</span>
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<br>
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published in the
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Loeb Classical Library,
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<br>
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1954
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The text is in the public domain.
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This page has been carefully proofread
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Book II
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<h2 class="start2">
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<span class="green">
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Rhetorica ad Herennium
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</span>
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</h2>
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<h1>
|
||
<a id="p3"><span class="pagenum"> p3 </span></a>
|
||
Book I
|
||
</h1>
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||
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<p class="start justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R1">1</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="1">1</a> My private affairs keep me so busy
|
||
that I can hardly find enough leisure to devote to studies, and the
|
||
little that is vouchsafed to me I have usually preferred to spend
|
||
on philosophy. Yet your desire, Gaius Herennius, has spurred me to
|
||
compose a work on the Theory of Public Speaking, lest you should suppose
|
||
that in a matter which concerns you I either lacked the will or
|
||
shirked the labour. And I have undertaken this project the more
|
||
gladly because I knew that you had good grounds in wishing to learn
|
||
rhetoric, for it is true that copiousness and facility in expression
|
||
bear abundant fruit, if controlled by proper knowledge and a strict
|
||
discipline of the mind.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
That is why I have omitted to treat those topics which, for the sake of futile <span class="whole">self-assertion</span>, Greek writers<a class="ref" id="ref1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
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||
have adopted. For they, from fear of appearing to know too little, have
|
||
gone in quest of notions irrelevant to the art, in order that the art
|
||
might seem more difficult to understand. I, on the other hand, have
|
||
treated those topics which seemed
|
||
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||
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||
<a id="p5"><span class="pagenum"> p5 </span></a>pertinent to the theory of public speaking. I have not been moved by hope of gain<a class="ref" id="ref2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
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||
or desire for glory, as the rest have been, in undertaking to write,
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||
but have done so in order that, by my painstaking work, I may
|
||
gratify your wish. To avoid prolixity, I shall now begin my
|
||
discussion of the subject, as soon as I have given you this one
|
||
injunction: Theory without continuous practice in speaking is of little
|
||
avail; from this you may understand that the precepts of theory offered
|
||
ought to be applied in practice.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R2">2</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="2">2</a> The task of the public speaker is to discuss capably those matters which law and custom have fixed for the uses of <span class="whole">citizen</span>ship, and to secure as far as possible the agreement of his hearers.<a class="ref" id="ref3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a> There are three kinds<a class="ref" id="ref4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a> of causes which the speaker must treat: Epideictic, Deliberative, and Judicial.<a class="ref" id="ref5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
|
||
The epideictic kind is devoted to the praise or censure of some
|
||
particular person. The deliberative consists in the discussion of policy
|
||
and embraces persuasion and dissuasion.<a class="ref" id="ref6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a> The judicial is based on legal controversy, and comprises criminal prosecution or civil suit, and defence.<a class="ref" id="ref7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
Now I shall explain what faculties the speaker should possess, and then show the proper means of treating these causes.<a class="ref" id="ref8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p7"><span class="pagenum"> p7 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="3">3</a> The speaker, then, should possess the faculties of Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery.<a class="ref" id="ref9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a> Invention is the devising of matter, true or plausible, that would make the case convincing.<a class="ref" id="ref10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
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||
Arrangement is the ordering and distribution of the matter, making
|
||
clear the place to which each thing is to be assigned. Style is the
|
||
adaptation of suitable words and sentences to the matter devised. Memory
|
||
is the firm retention in the mind of the matter, words, and
|
||
arrangement. Delivery is the graceful regulation of voice, countenance,
|
||
and gesture.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
All these faculties we can acquire by three means: Theory, Imitation, and Practice.<a class="ref" id="ref11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a> By theory is meant
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p9"><span class="pagenum"> p9 </span></a>a set of rules
|
||
that provide a definite method and system of speaking. Imitation
|
||
stimulates us to attain, in accordance with a studied method, the
|
||
effectiveness of certain models in speaking. Practice is assiduous
|
||
exercise and experience in speaking.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
Since, then, I have shown what causes the speaker should treat and
|
||
what kinds of competence he should possess, it seems that I now
|
||
need to indicate how the speech can be adapted to the theory of the
|
||
speaker's function.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R3">3</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="4">4</a> Invention is used for the six parts
|
||
of a discourse: the Introduction, Statement of Facts, Division, Proof,
|
||
Refutation, and Conclusion.<a class="ref" id="ref12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a> The Introduction is the beginning of the discourse, and by it the hearer's mind is prepared<a class="ref" id="ref13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a> for attention. The Narration or Statement of Facts sets forth the events that have occurred or might have occurred.<a class="ref" id="ref14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
|
||
By means of the Division we make clear what matters are agreed upon and
|
||
what are contested, and announce what points we intend to take up.
|
||
Proof is the presentation of our arguments, together with their
|
||
corroboration.<a class="ref" id="ref15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a> Refutation is the destruction
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p11"><span class="pagenum"> p11 </span></a>of our adversaries' arguments.<a class="ref" id="ref16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a> The Conclusion is the end of the discourse, formed in accordance with the principles of the art.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
Along with the speaker's functions, in order to make the subject easier
|
||
to understand, I have been led also to discuss the parts of a
|
||
discourse, and to adapt these to the theory of Invention. It seems,
|
||
then, that I must at this juncture first discuss the Introduction.<a class="ref" id="ref17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="5">5</a> Given the cause, in order to be able
|
||
to make a more appropriate Introduction, we must consider what kind of
|
||
cause it is. The kinds of causes are four: honourable, discreditable,
|
||
doubtful, and petty.<a class="ref" id="ref18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
|
||
A cause is regarded as of the honourable kind when we either
|
||
defend what seems to deserve defence by all men, or attack what all men
|
||
seem in duty bound of the attack; for example, when we defend a hero, or
|
||
prosecute a parricide. A cause is understood to be of the
|
||
discreditable kind when something honourable is under attack or when
|
||
something discreditable is being defended. A cause is of the
|
||
doubtful kind when it is partly honourable and partly discreditable.
|
||
A cause is of the petty kind when the matter brought up is
|
||
considered unimportant.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R4">4</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="6">6</a> In view of these considerations, it
|
||
will be in point to apply the theory of Introductions to the kind of
|
||
cause. There are two kinds of Introduction: the Direct Opening, in Greek
|
||
called the <span class="translit_Greek">Proimion</span>,<a class="ref" id="ref19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p13"><span class="pagenum"> p13 </span></a>and the Subtle Approach, called the <span class="translit_Greek">Ephodos</span>.<a class="ref" id="ref20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
|
||
The Direct Opening straightway prepares the hearer to attend to our
|
||
speech. Its purpose is to enable us to have hearers who are attentive,
|
||
receptive, and <span class="whole">well-disposed</span>.<a class="ref" id="ref21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
|
||
If our cause is of the doubtful kind, we shall build the Direct Opening
|
||
upon goodwill, so that the discreditable part of the cause cannot be
|
||
prejudicial to us. If our cause is of the petty kind, we shall make our
|
||
hearers attentive. If our cause is of the discreditable kind, unless we
|
||
have hit upon a means of capturing goodwill by attacking our
|
||
adversaries, we must use the Subtle Approach, which I shall discuss
|
||
later.<a class="ref" id="ref22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a> And finally, if our cause is of the honourable kind, it will be correct either to use the Direct Opening or not to use it.<a class="ref" id="ref23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
|
||
If we wish to use it, we must show why the cause is honourable, or else
|
||
briefly discuss what matters we are going to discuss. But if we do not
|
||
wish to use the Direct Opening, we must begin our speech with a law, a
|
||
written document, or some argument supporting our cause.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="7">7</a> Since, then, we wish to have our hearer receptive, <span class="whole">well-disposed</span>,
|
||
and attentive, I shall disclose how each state can be brought
|
||
about. We can have receptive hearers if we briefly summarise the cause
|
||
and make
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p15"><span class="pagenum"> p15 </span></a>them
|
||
attentive; for the receptive hearer is one who is willing to listen
|
||
attentively. We shall have attentive hearers by promising to discuss
|
||
important, new, and unusual matters, or such as appertain to the
|
||
commonwealth, or to the hearers themselves, or to the worship of the
|
||
immortal gods; by bidding them listen attentively; and by enumerating
|
||
the points we are going to discuss. <a class="sec" name="8">8</a> We can by four methods make our hearers <span class="whole">well-disposed</span>: by discussing our own person, the person of our adversaries, that of our hearers, and the facts themselves.<a class="ref" id="ref24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R5">5</a>
|
||
From the discussion of our own person we shall secure goodwill by
|
||
praising our services without arrogance and revealing also our past
|
||
conduct toward the republic, or toward our parents, friends, or the
|
||
audience, and by making some reference to . . . provided that
|
||
all such references are pertinent to the matter in question; likewise by
|
||
setting forth our disabilities, need, loneliness, and misfortune,<a class="ref" id="ref25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a> and pleading for our hearers' aid, and at the same time showing that we have been unwilling to place our hope in anyone else.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
From the discussion of the person of our adversaries we shall secure
|
||
goodwill by bringing them into hatred, unpopularity, or contempt.<a class="ref" id="ref26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a> We shall force hatred upon them by adducing some base, <span class="whole">high-handed</span>, treacherous, cruel, impudent, malicious, or
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p17"><span class="pagenum"> p17 </span></a>shameful act
|
||
of theirs. We shall make our adversaries unpopular by setting forth
|
||
their violent behaviour, their dominance, factiousness, wealth, lack of <span class="whole">self-restraint</span>,
|
||
high birth, clients, hospitality, club allegiance, or marriage
|
||
alliances, and by making clear that they rely more upon these supports
|
||
than upon the truth. We shall bring our adversaries into contempt by
|
||
presenting their idleness, cowardice, sloth, and luxurious habits.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
From the discussion of the person of our hearers goodwill is secured if
|
||
we set forth the courage, wisdom, humanity, and nobility of past
|
||
judgements they have rendered, and if we reveal what esteem they enjoy
|
||
and with what interest their decision is awaited.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
From the discussion of the facts themselves we shall render the hearer <span class="whole">well-disposed</span> by extolling our own cause with praise and by contemptuously disparaging that of our adversaries.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R6">6</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="9">9</a> Now I must explain the Subtle Approach.<a class="ref" id="ref27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
|
||
There are three occasions on which we cannot use the Direct Opening,
|
||
and these we must consider carefully: (1) when our cause is
|
||
discreditable, that is, when the subject itself alienates the hearer
|
||
from us; (2) when the hearer has apparently been won over by the
|
||
previous speakers of the opposition; (3) or when the hearer has
|
||
become wearied by listening to the previous speakers.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
If the cause has a discreditable character,<a class="ref" id="ref28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
|
||
we can make our Introduction with the following points: that the agent,
|
||
not the action, ought to be considered; that we ourselves are
|
||
displeased with the acts which our opponents say have been committed,
|
||
and that
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p19"><span class="pagenum"> p19 </span></a>these are
|
||
unworthy, yes, heinous. Next, when we have for a time enlarged upon this
|
||
idea, we shall show that nothing of the kind has been committed by us.
|
||
Or we shall set forth the judgement rendered by others in an analogous
|
||
case, whether that cause be of equal, or less, or greater importance;
|
||
then we shall gradually approach our own cause and establish the
|
||
analogy. The same result is achieved if we deny an intention to discuss
|
||
our opponents or some extraneous matter and yet, by subtly inserting the
|
||
words,<a class="ref" id="ref29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a> do so.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="10">10</a> If the hearers have been convinced,<a class="ref" id="ref30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
|
||
if our opponent's speech has gained their credence — and this will not
|
||
be hard for us to know, since we are well aware of the means by which
|
||
belief is ordinarily effected — if, then, we think belief has been
|
||
effected, we shall make our Subtle Approach to the cause by the
|
||
following means: the point which our adversaries have regarded as their
|
||
strongest support we shall promise to discuss first; we shall begin with
|
||
a statement made by the opponent, and particularly with that which he
|
||
has made last; and we shall use Indecision,<a class="ref" id="ref31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a> along with an exclamation of astonishment: "What had I best say?" or "To what point shall I first reply?"
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
If the hearers have been fatigued by listening, we shall open with something that may provoke laughter<a class="ref" id="ref32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
|
||
— a fable, a plausible fiction, a caricature, an ironical
|
||
inversion on the meaning of a word, an ambiguity, innuendo, banter, a
|
||
naïvety, an exaggeration,
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p21"><span class="pagenum"> p21 </span></a>a recapitulation,<a class="ref" id="ref33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a> a pun, an unexpected turn,<a class="ref" id="ref34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
|
||
a comparison, a novel tale, a historical anecdote,
|
||
a verse, or a challenge or a smile of approbation directed at some
|
||
one. Or we shall promise to speak otherwise than as we have prepared,
|
||
and not to talk as others usually do; we shall briefly explain what the
|
||
other speakers do and what we intend to do.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R7">7</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="11">11</a> Between the Subtle Approach and the
|
||
Direct Opening there is the following difference. The Direct Opening
|
||
should be such that by the straightforward methods I have
|
||
prescribed we immediately make the hearer <span class="whole">well-disposed</span>
|
||
or attentive or receptive; whereas the Subtle Approach should be such
|
||
that we effect all these results covertly, through dissimulation,<a class="ref" id="ref35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a> and so can arrive at the same <span class="whole">vantage-point</span>
|
||
in the task of speaking. But though this three-fold advantage — that
|
||
the hearers constantly show themselves attentive, receptive, and <span class="whole">well-disposed</span> to us — is to be secured throughout the discourse, it must in the main be won by the Introduction to the cause.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
Now, for fear that we may at some time use a faulty Introduction,
|
||
I shall show what faults must be avoided. In the Introduction of a
|
||
cause we must make sure that our style is temperate and that the words
|
||
are in current use,<a class="ref" id="ref36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a> so that the discourse seems unprepared. An Introduction is faulty if it can be applied as well to a number of causes;<a class="ref" id="ref37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a> that is called a banal Introduction. Again, an Introduction which the adversary can use no less well is faulty, and that
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p23"><span class="pagenum"> p23 </span></a>is called a
|
||
common Introduction. That Introduction, again, is faulty which the
|
||
opponent can turn to his own use against you. And again that is faulty
|
||
which has been composed in too laboured a style, or is too long; and
|
||
that which does not appear to have grown out of the cause itself in such
|
||
a way as to have an intimate connection with the Statement of Facts;
|
||
and, finally, that which fails to make the hearer <span class="whole">well-disposed</span> or receptive or attentive.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R8">8</a>
|
||
Concerning the Introduction I have said enough; next let me turn to the Narration or Statement of Facts. <a class="sec" name="12">12</a> There are three types of Statement of Facts.<a class="ref" id="ref38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
|
||
It is one type when we set forth the facts and turn every detail to our
|
||
advantage so as to win the victory, and this kind appertains to the
|
||
causes on which a decision is to be rendered.<a class="ref" id="ref39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a> There is a second type which often enters into a speech as a means of winning belief or incriminating our adversary<a class="ref" id="ref40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a> or effecting a transition or setting the stage for something.<a class="ref" id="ref41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a> The third type<a class="ref" id="ref42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a> is not used in a cause actually pleaded in court, yet affords us convenient practice<a class="ref" id="ref43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a> for handling the first two types more advantageously in actual cases. <a class="sec" name="13">13</a> Of such narratives there are two kinds: one based on the facts, the other on the persons.<a class="ref" id="ref44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
The kind of narrative based on the exposition of the facts presents
|
||
three forms: legendary, historical, and realistic. The legendary tale
|
||
comprises events neither true nor probable, like those transmitted by
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p25"><span class="pagenum"> p25 </span></a>tragedies.<a class="ref" id="ref45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a> The historical narrative is an account of exploits actually performed, but removed in time from the recollection of our age.<a class="ref" id="ref46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a> Realistic narrative recounts imaginary events, which yet could have occurred, like the plots of comedies.<a class="ref" id="ref47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
A narrative based on the persons should present a lively style and diverse traits of character,<a class="ref" id="ref48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
|
||
such as austerity and gentleness, hope and fear, distrust and desire,
|
||
hypocrisy and compassion, and the vicissitudes of life, such as reversal
|
||
of fortune,<a class="ref" id="ref49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a> unexpected disaster, sudden joy, and a happy outcome. But it is in practice exercises that these types will be worked out.<a class="ref" id="ref50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a> How we should handle that type of Statement of Facts which belongs in actual causes I am about to explain.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R9">9</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="14">14</a> A Statement of Facts should have three qualities: brevity, clarity, and plausibility.<a class="ref" id="ref51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a> Since we know that these qualities are essential, we must learn how to achieve them.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
We shall be able to make the Statement of Facts brief if we begin it at
|
||
the place at which we need to begin; if we do not try to recount from
|
||
the remotest beginning; if our Statement of Facts is summary and
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p27"><span class="pagenum"> p27 </span></a>not detailed;<a class="ref" id="ref52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
|
||
if we carry it forward, not to the furthermost point, but to the point
|
||
to which we need to go; if we use no digressions and do not wander from
|
||
the account we have undertaken to set forth; and if we present the
|
||
outcome in such a way that the facts that have preceded can also be
|
||
known, although we have not spoken of them. For example, if
|
||
I should say that I have returned from the province, it would
|
||
also be understood that I had gone to the province.<a class="ref" id="ref53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
|
||
And in general it is better to pass by not only that which weakens the
|
||
cause but also that which neither weakens nor helps it. Furthermore, we
|
||
must guard against repeating immediately what we have said already, as
|
||
in the following: "Simo came from Athens to Megara in the evening; when
|
||
he came to Megara, he laid a trap for the maiden: after laying the trap
|
||
he ravished her then and there."<a class="ref" id="ref54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="15">15</a> Our Statement of Facts will be clear<a class="ref" id="ref55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
|
||
if we set forth the facts in the precise order in which they occurred,
|
||
observing their actual or probable sequence and chronology. Here we must
|
||
see that our language is not confused,<a class="ref" id="ref56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
|
||
involved, or unfamiliar, that we do not shift to another subject, that
|
||
we do not trace the affair back to its remotest beginning, nor carry it
|
||
too far forward, and that we do not omit anything pertinent. And our
|
||
Statement of Facts will be clear if we follow the precepts on brevity
|
||
that I have laid down,<a class="ref" id="ref57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a> for the shorter the Statement of Facts, the clearer will it be and the easier to follow.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p29"><span class="pagenum"> p29 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="16">16</a> Our Statement of Facts will have plausibility<a class="ref" id="ref58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
|
||
if it answer the requirements of the usual, the expected, and the
|
||
natural; if account is strictly kept of the length of time, the standing
|
||
of the persons involved, the motives in the planning, and the
|
||
advantages offered by the scene of action, so as to obviate the argument
|
||
in refutation that the time was too short, or that there was no motive,
|
||
or that the place was unsuitable, or that the persons themselves could
|
||
not have acted or been treated so. If the matter is true, all these
|
||
precautions must none the less be observed in the Statement of Facts,
|
||
for often the truth cannot gain credence otherwise. And if the matter is
|
||
fictitious, these measures will have to be observed all the more
|
||
scrupulously. Fabrication must be circumspect in those matters in which
|
||
official documents or some person's unimpeachable guaranty will prove to
|
||
have played a rôle.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
In what I have thus far said I believe that I agree with
|
||
the other writers on the art of rhetoric except for the innovations
|
||
I have devised on Introductions by the Subtle Approach.
|
||
I alone,<a class="ref" id="ref59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
|
||
in contrast with the rest, have distinguished three occasions for the
|
||
Subtle Approach, so as to provide us with a thoroughly sure method and a
|
||
lucid theory of Introductions. <a class="chapter" name="R10">10</a> Now
|
||
as to the rest, since I must discuss the finding of arguments, a
|
||
matter that makes unique demands upon the art of the speaker,
|
||
I shall endeavour to exhibit an industry in research such as the
|
||
importance of the subject demands — as soon as I have prefixed
|
||
a few remarks on the Division of the cause.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p31"><span class="pagenum"> p31 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="17">17</a> The Division<a class="ref" id="ref60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a>
|
||
of the cause falls into two parts. When The Statement of Facts has been
|
||
brought to an end, we ought first to make clear what we and our
|
||
opponents agree upon, if there is agreement on the points useful to us,<a class="ref" id="ref61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a> and what remains contested, as follows: "Orestes killed his mother;<a class="ref" id="ref62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
|
||
on that I agree with my opponents. But did he have the right to
|
||
commit the deed, and was he justified in committing it? That is in
|
||
dispute." Likewise in reply: "They admit that Agamemnon was killed by
|
||
Clytemnestra; yet despite this they say that I ought not to have
|
||
avenged my father."
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="distribution">
|
||
Then, when we have done this, we should use the Distribution.<a class="ref" id="ref63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a> The Distribution has two parts: the Enumeration<a class="ref" id="ref64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a> and the Exposition.<a class="ref" id="ref65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
|
||
We shall be using the Enumeration when we tell by number how many
|
||
points we are going to discuss. The number ought not to exceed three;
|
||
for otherwise, besides the danger that we may at some time include in
|
||
the speech more or fewer points than we enumerated,<a class="ref" id="ref66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a> it instils in the hearer the suspicion of premeditation and artifice,<a class="ref" id="ref67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
|
||
and this robs the speech of conviction. The Exposition consists in
|
||
setting forth, briefly and completely, the points we intend to discuss.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p33"><span class="pagenum"> p33 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="18">18</a> Now let me pass to Proof<a class="ref" id="ref68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a> and Refutation.<a class="ref" id="ref69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
|
||
The entire hope of victory and entire method of persuasion rest on
|
||
proof and refutation, for when we have submitted our arguments and
|
||
destroyed those of the opposition, we have, of course, completely
|
||
fulfilled the speaker's function. <a class="chapter" name="R11">11</a> We shall, then, be enabled to do both if we know the Type of Issue<a class="ref" id="ref70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a> which the cause presents. Others make these Types of Issue four.<a class="ref" id="ref71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a> My teacher<a class="ref" id="ref72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
|
||
thought that there were three, and intending thereby to subtract any of
|
||
the types they had discovered, but to demonstrate that one type which
|
||
they should have taught as single and uncompounded they had divided into
|
||
with distinct and separate types. The Issue is determined by the
|
||
joining of the primary plea of the defence with the charge of the
|
||
plaintiff. The Types of Issue
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p35"><span class="pagenum"> p35 </span></a>are then, as I have said above, three: Conjectural, Legal, and Juridical.<a class="ref" id="ref73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
The Issue is Conjectural<a class="ref" id="ref74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
|
||
when the controversy concerns a question of fact, as follows: In the
|
||
forest Ajax, after realizing what in his madness he had done, fell on
|
||
his sword. Ulysses appears, perceives that Ajax is dead, draws the
|
||
bloody weapon from corpse. Teucer appears, sees his brother dead, and
|
||
his brother's enemy with bloody sword in hand. He accuses Ulysses of a
|
||
capital crime. Here the truth is sought by conjecture. The controversy
|
||
will concern the fact.<a class="ref" id="ref75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a> And that is why the Issue in the cause is called Conjectural.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="19">19</a> The Issue is Legal<a class="ref" id="ref76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
|
||
when some controversy turns upon the letter of a text or arises from an
|
||
implication therein. A Legal Issue is divided into six subtypes:
|
||
Letter and Spirit,<a class="ref" id="ref77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a> Conflicting Laws,<a class="ref" id="ref78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a> Ambiguity,<a class="ref" id="ref79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a> Definition,<a class="ref" id="ref80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a> Transference,<a class="ref" id="ref81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a> and Reasoning from Analogy.<a class="ref" id="ref82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
A controversy from Letter and Spirit arises when the framer's
|
||
intention appears to be at variance with the letter of the text, as
|
||
follows: Suppose a law which decrees that whoever have abandoned their
|
||
ship in a storm shall lose all rights of title, and that their ship, if
|
||
saved, and cargo as well, belong to those who have remained on board.
|
||
Terrified by the storm's violence, all deserted the ship and took to the
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p37"><span class="pagenum"> p37 </span></a>boat — all
|
||
except one sick man who, on account of his illness, could not leave the
|
||
ship and escape. By sheer chance the ship was driven safely to harbour.
|
||
The invalid has come into possession of the ship, and the former owner
|
||
claims it.<a class="ref" id="ref83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a> Here is a Legal Issue based on Letter and Spirit.<a class="ref" id="ref84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="20">20</a> Controversy results from
|
||
Conflicting Laws when one law orders or permits a deed while another
|
||
forbids it, as follows: A law forbids one who has been convicted of
|
||
extortion to speak before the Assembly.<a class="ref" id="ref85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a> Another law commands the augur to designate in the Assembly the candidate for the place of a deceased augur.<a class="ref" id="ref86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
|
||
A certain augur convicted of extortion has designated the
|
||
candidate for the place of a deceased augur. A penalty is demanded
|
||
of him.<a class="ref" id="ref87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a> Here is a Legal Issue established from Conflicting Laws.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R12">12</a>
|
||
A controversy is created by Ambiguity when a text presents two or
|
||
more meanings, as follows: The father of a family, when making his son
|
||
his heir, in his will bequeathed silver vessels to his wife: "Let my
|
||
heir give my wife thirty pounds' weight of silver vessels, 'such as
|
||
shall be selected'." After his death the widow asks for some precious
|
||
vessels of magnificent <span class="whole">relief-work</span>. The son contends that he owes her thirty pounds' weight of vessels "such as shall be selected" <i>by him</i>.<a class="ref" id="ref88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a> Here is a Legal Issue established from Ambiguity.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p39"><span class="pagenum"> p39 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="21">21</a> A cause rests on Definition
|
||
when the name by which an act should be called is in controversy. The
|
||
following is an example: When Lucius Saturninus was about to introduce
|
||
the grain law concerning the five-sixths <span lang="la" class="Latin">as</span>,
|
||
Quintus Caepio, who was city quaestor during that time, explained to
|
||
the Senate that the treasury could not endure so great a largess. The
|
||
Senate decreed that if Saturninus should propose that law before the
|
||
people he would appear to be doing so against the common weal.
|
||
Saturninus proceeded with his motion. His colleagues interposed a veto;
|
||
nevertheless he brought the lot-urn down for the vote. Caepio, when he
|
||
sees Saturninus presenting his motion against the public welfare despite
|
||
his colleagues' veto, attacks him with the assistance of some
|
||
Conservatives, destroys the bridges,<a class="ref" id="ref89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a> throws down the ballot boxes, and blocks further action on the motion. Caepio is brought to trial for treason.<a class="ref" id="ref90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a>
|
||
The Issue is Legal, and is established from Definition, for we are
|
||
defining the actual term when we investigate what constitute treason.<a class="ref" id="ref91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="sec" name="22">22</a> A controversy is based on
|
||
Transference when the defendant maintains that there must be a
|
||
postponement of time or a change of plaintiff or judges.<a class="ref" id="ref92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a> This
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p41"><span class="pagenum"> p41 </span></a>subtype of Issue the Greeks use in the proceedings before judges, we generally before the magistrate's tribunal.<a class="ref" id="ref93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
|
||
We do, however, make some use of it in judicial proceedings. For
|
||
example, if some one is accused of embezzlement, alleged to have removed
|
||
silver vessels belonging to the state from a private place, he can say,
|
||
when he has defined theft and embezzlement, that in his case the action
|
||
ought to be one for theft and not embezzlement.<a class="ref" id="ref94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a> This subtype of Legal Issue rarely<a class="ref" id="ref95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a>
|
||
presents itself in judicial proceedings for the following reasons: in a
|
||
private action there are counterpleas accepted by the praetor,<a class="ref" id="ref96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a>
|
||
and the plaintiff's fails unless he has had a cause of action; in
|
||
public investigations the laws provide that, if it suits the defendant, a
|
||
decision is first passed on whether the plaintiff is, or is not,
|
||
permitted to make the charge.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R13">13</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="23">23</a> The controversy is based on Analogy
|
||
when a matter that arises for adjudication lacks a specifically
|
||
applicable law, but an analogy is sought from other existing laws on the
|
||
basis of a certain similarity to the matter in question. For example, a
|
||
law reads: "If a man is raving mad, authority over his person and
|
||
property shall belong to his agnates, or to the members of his <span lang="la" class="Latin">gens</span>."<a class="ref" id="ref97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a> Another law reads: "He who has been convicted of murdering his parent shall
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p43"><span class="pagenum"> p43 </span></a>be completely wrapped and bound in a leather sack and thrown into a running stream."<a class="ref" id="ref98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a> Another law: "As the head of a family has directed regarding his household or his property, so shall the law hold good."<a class="ref" id="ref99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
|
||
Another law: "If the head of a family dies intestate, his household and
|
||
property shall belong to his agnates, or to the members of his <span lang="la" class="Latin">gens</span>."<a class="ref" id="ref100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
|
||
Malleolus was convicted of matricide. Immediately after he had received
|
||
sentence, his head was wrapped in a bag of wolf's hide, the "wooden
|
||
shoes"<a class="ref" id="ref101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a>
|
||
were put upon his feet, and he was led away to prison. His defenders
|
||
bring tablets into the jail, write his will in his presence, witnesses
|
||
duly attending. The penalty is exacted of him. His testamentary heirs
|
||
enter upon their inheritance. Malleolus' younger brother, who had been
|
||
one of the accusers in his trial, claims his inheritance by the law of
|
||
agnation. Here no one specific law is adduced, and yet many laws are
|
||
adduced, which for the basis for a reasoning by analogy to prove that
|
||
Malleolus had or had not the right to make a will. It is a Legal Issue
|
||
established from Analogy.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
I have explained the types of Legal Issue. Now let me discuss the Juridical Issue.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R14">14</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="24">24</a> An Issue is Juridical<a class="ref" id="ref102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a>
|
||
when there is agreement on the act, but the right or wrong of the act
|
||
is in question. Of this Issue there are two subtypes, one called
|
||
Absolute,<a class="ref" id="ref103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a> the other Assumptive.<a class="ref" id="ref104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p45"><span class="pagenum"> p45 </span>
|
||
It is an Absolute Issue when we contend that the act in and of itself,
|
||
without our drawing on any extraneous considerations, was right. For
|
||
example, a certain mime abused the poet Accius by name on the stage.
|
||
Accius sues him on the ground of injuries. The player makes no defence
|
||
except to maintain that it was permissible to name a person under whose
|
||
name dramatic works were given to be performed on the stage.<a class="ref" id="ref105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
The Issue is Assumptive when the defence, in itself insufficient, is
|
||
established by drawing on extraneous matter. The Assumptive subtypes are
|
||
four: Acknowledgement of the Charge,<a class="ref" id="ref106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a> Rejection of the Responsibility,<a class="ref" id="ref107" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note107" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">107</a> Shifting of the Question of Guilt,<a class="ref" id="ref108" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note108" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">108</a> Comparison with the Alternative Course.<a class="ref" id="ref109" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note109" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">109</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
The Acknowledgement<a class="ref" id="ref110" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note110" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">110</a> is the defendant's plea for pardon. The Acknowledgement includes the Exculpation<a class="ref" id="ref111" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note111" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">111</a> and the Plea for Mercy.<a class="ref" id="ref112" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note112" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">112</a> The Exculpation is the defendant's denial that he acted with intent.<a class="ref" id="ref113" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note113" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">113</a> Under Plea of Exculpation are three subheads: Ignorance,<a class="ref" id="ref114" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note114" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">114</a> Accident,<a class="ref" id="ref115" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note115" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">115</a> and Necessity;<a class="ref" id="ref116" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note116" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">116</a> accident, as in the case of Caepio<a class="ref" id="ref117" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note117" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">117</a>
|
||
before the tribunes of the plebs on the loss of his army; ignorance, as
|
||
in the case of the man who, before opening the tablets of the will by
|
||
the terms of which his brother's slave had been
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p47"><span class="pagenum"> p47 </span></a>manumitted, exacted punishment of the slave for having slain his master;<a class="ref" id="ref118" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note118" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">118</a> necessity, as in the case of the soldier who overstayed his leave because the floods had blocked the roads.<a class="ref" id="ref119" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note119" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">119</a> It is a Plea for Mercy when the defendant confesses the crime and premeditation, yet begs for compassion.<a class="ref" id="ref120" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note120" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">120</a> In the courts this is rarely practicable,<a class="ref" id="ref121" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note121" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">121</a>
|
||
except when we speak in defence of one whose good deeds are numerous
|
||
and notable; for example, interposing as a commonplace in amplification:
|
||
"Even if he had done this, it would still be appropriate to pardon him
|
||
in view of his past services; but he does not at all beg for pardon."
|
||
Such a cause, then, is not admissible in the courts, but is admissible
|
||
before the Senate, or a general, or a council.<a class="ref" id="ref122" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note122" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">122</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R15">15</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="25">25</a> A cause rests on the Shifting
|
||
of the Question of Guilt when we do not deny our act but plead that we
|
||
were driven to it by the crimes of others, as in the case of Orestes
|
||
when he defended himself by diverting the issue of guilt from himself to
|
||
his mother.<a class="ref" id="ref123" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note123" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">123</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
A cause rests on the Rejection of the Responsibility when we
|
||
repudiate, not the act charged, but the responsibility, and either
|
||
transfer it to another person or attribute it to some circumstance. An
|
||
example of the transference of responsibility to another person: if an
|
||
accusation should be brought against the confessed slayer of Publius
|
||
Sulpicius, and he should defend his act by invoking an order of the
|
||
consuls, declaring that they not only commanded the
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p49"><span class="pagenum"> p49 </span></a>act but also gave reason why it was lawful.<a class="ref" id="ref124" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note124" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">124</a>
|
||
An example of attribution to a circumstance: if a person should be
|
||
forbidden by a plebiscite to do what a will has directed him to do.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
A cause rests on Comparison with the Alternative Course when we
|
||
declare that it was necessary for us to do one or the other of the two
|
||
things, and that the one we did was the better. This cause is of the
|
||
following sort: Gaius Popilius, hemmed in by the Gauls, and quite unable
|
||
to escape, entered into a parley with the enemy's chiefs. He came away
|
||
with consent to lead his army out on condition that he abandon his
|
||
baggage. He considered it better to lose his baggage than his army. He
|
||
led out his army and left the baggage behind. He is charged with
|
||
treason.<a class="ref" id="ref125" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note125" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">125</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R16">16</a>
|
||
I believe that I have made clear what the Types of Issue are
|
||
and what are their subdivisions. Now I must illustrate the proper
|
||
ways and means of treating these, first indicating what both sides in a
|
||
cause ought to fix upon as the point to which the complete economy of
|
||
the entire speech should be directed.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify" id="p51"><span class="pagenum"> p51 </span>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="26">26</a> Immediately upon finding the Type of Issue, then, we must seek the Justifying Motive.<a class="ref" id="ref126" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note126" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">126</a>
|
||
It is this which determines the action and comprises the defence. Thus
|
||
Orestes (for the sake of clarity, to adhere to this particular action)
|
||
confesses that he slew his mother. Unless he had advanced a Justifying
|
||
Motive for the act, he will have ruined his defence. He therefore
|
||
advances one; were it not interposed, there would not even be an action.
|
||
"For she," says he, "had slain my father."<a class="ref" id="ref127" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note127" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">127</a>
|
||
Thus, as I have shown, the Justifying Motive is what comprises the
|
||
defence; without it not even the slightest doubt could exist which
|
||
would delay his condemnation.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
Upon finding the Motive advanced in Justification we must seek the Central Point<a class="ref" id="ref128" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note128" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">128</a>
|
||
of the Accusation, that is, that which comprises the accusation and is
|
||
presented in opposition to the Justifying Motive of the defence which
|
||
I have discussed above. This will be established as follows: When
|
||
Orestes has used the Justifying Motive: "I had the right to kill my
|
||
mother, for she had slain my father," the prosecutor will use his
|
||
Central Point: "Yes, but not by your hand ought she to have been killed
|
||
or punished without a trial."<a class="ref" id="ref129" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note129" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">129</a>
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
From the Justifying Motive of the defence and the Central Point of the
|
||
Accusation must arise the Question for Decision, which we call the Point
|
||
to
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p53"><span class="pagenum"> p53 </span></a>Adjudicate and the Greeks the <span class="translit_Greek">krinomenon</span>.
|
||
That will be established from the meeting of the prosecutor's Central
|
||
Point and the defendant's Justifying Motive, as follows: When Orestes
|
||
says that he killed his mother to avenge his father, was it right for
|
||
Clytemnestra to be slain by her son without a trial? This, then, is the
|
||
proper method of finding the Point to Adjudicate. Once the Point to
|
||
Adjudicate is found, the complete economy of the entire speech ought to
|
||
be directed to it.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="chapter" name="R17">17</a>
|
||
<a class="sec" name="27">27</a> The Points to Adjudicate will be found in this way in all Types of Issue and their subdivisions, except the conjectural.<a class="ref" id="ref130" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note130" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">130</a>
|
||
Here the Justifying Motive for the act is not in question, for the act
|
||
is denied, near is the Central Point of the Accusation sought, for no
|
||
Justifying Motive has been advanced. Therefore the Point to Adjudicate
|
||
is established from the Accusation<a class="ref" id="ref131" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note131" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">131</a> and the Denial,<a class="ref" id="ref132" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note132" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EdNote,WIDTH,180)" onmouseout="nd();">132</a>
|
||
as follows: Accusation: "You killed Ajax." Denial: "I did not."
|
||
The Point to Adjudicate: Did he kill him? The complete economy of both
|
||
speeches must, as I have said above, be directed to this Point to
|
||
Adjudicate. If there are several Types of Issue or their subdivisions in
|
||
one cause, there will also be several Points to Adjudicate, but all
|
||
these, too, will be determined by a like method.
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="justify">
|
||
I have taken great pains to discuss briefly and clearly the matters
|
||
that have had to be treated up to this point. Now, since this Book has
|
||
grown to sufficient length, it will be more convenient in turn to
|
||
expound other matters in a second Book, so that the great amount of
|
||
material may not tire you and slacken your attention. If I dispatch
|
||
these matters too slowly for your eagerness, you will have to
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p55"><span class="pagenum"> p55 </span></a>attribute
|
||
that to the magnitude of the subject and also to the demands of my other
|
||
occupations. Yet I shall make speed, and compensate by diligence
|
||
for the time taken up by my affairs, to the end that, by this gift, in
|
||
token of your courtesy towards me and my own interest in you, I may
|
||
grant your desire in most <span class="whole">bounti</span>ful measure.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><hr class="endnotes"><a id="endnotes"></a>
|
||
<h2>
|
||
The Loeb Editor's Notes:
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note1" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">1</a>
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
The beginning of Book 4
|
||
</a>
|
||
further sets forth the author's attitude to the Greek writers on rhetoric (who these are specifically is uncertain); <i>cf.</i> also
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.xxiii.38</a>. For his attitude to philosophical studies see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#practice_and_practice" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
the end of Book 4</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note2" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2</a>
|
||
Apparently text-books on public speaking sold well; see Theodore Birt, <i>Rhein. Mus.</i> 72 (1917/18), 311‑16.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note3" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">3</a>
|
||
The definition is that of Hermagoras, to whom the function (<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔργον</span>) of the perfect orator is <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ τεθὲν πολιτικὸν ζήτημα διατίθεσθαι κατὰ τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον πειστικῶς</span>. See Sextus Empiricus, <i>Adv. Rhet.</i> 62, ed. Fabricius, 2.150. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#6" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.v.6</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note4" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">4</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">γένη</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note5" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref5" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">5</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιδεικτικόν</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">συμβουλευτικόν</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">δικανικόν</span>. The scheme is Aristotelian (<i>Rhet.</i> 1.3, 1358<span class="small">B</span>) but in essence older. The
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p5x"></a>author's emphasis in the first two books, on the judicial kind, is characteristically Hellenistic (<i>e.g.</i>, Hermagorean).
|
||
The better tradition indicates that originally rhetoric was concerned
|
||
with the judicial kind, and was later extended to the other two fields.
|
||
For a study of the three <span lang="la" class="Latin">genera</span> see D. A. G. Hinks, <i>Class. Quarterly</i> 30 (1936), 170‑6<!--</A>JOURNAL:CQ:30-->. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#7" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.v.7</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note6" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref6" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">6</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">προτροπή</span> and <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀποτροπή</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note7" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref7" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">7</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατηγορία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">δίκη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀπολογία</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note8" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref8" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">8</a>
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.ii.2
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note9" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">9</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">εὕρεσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">τάξις</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">οἰκονομία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">λέξις</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἑρημνεία</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">φράσις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">μνήμη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑπόκρισις</span>. The <span class="whole">pre-Aristotelian</span> rhetoric, represented by the <i>Rhet. ad Alexandrum</i>, treated the first three (without classifying them); Aristotle would add Delivery (<i>Rhet.</i> 3.1, 1403<span class="small">B</span>), and his pupil Theophrastus did so (see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#note60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 3.xi.19
|
||
</a>
|
||
below). When precisely in the Hellenistic period Memory was added as a
|
||
fifth division by the Rhodian or the Pergamene school, we do not know.
|
||
These faculties (<span lang="la" class="Latin">res</span>; see also 1.ii.3<!-- sic; DO NOT LINK -->) are referred to in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.i.1
|
||
</a>
|
||
below (<i>cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#4" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">1.iii.4</a>) as the speaker's <i>functions</i> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">officia</span> = <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔργα τοῦ ῥήτορος</span>). Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3A*.html#3.11" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.3.11 ff.</a>, considers them as departments or constituent elements of the art (<span lang="la" class="Latin">partes rhetorices</span>) rather than as <span lang="la" class="Latin">opera</span> (= <span lang="la" class="Latin">officia</span>); so also here at
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.i.1</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.viii.15</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.xvi.28</a>, and
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#9" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.vii.9</a>. <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔργον</span> is an Aristotelian concept (<i>cf.</i> the definition of rhetoric in <i>Rhet.</i> 1.1‑2, 1355<span class="small">B</span>),
|
||
and Aristotle was the first to classify the (major) functions. Our
|
||
author here gives the usual order of the divisions; so also
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore1.shtml#142" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i> 1.31.142</a>.
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Zeno*.html#43" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Diogenes Laertius, 7.43</a>, presents the Stoic scheme: Invention, Style (<span lang="el" class="Greek">φράσις</span>), Arrangement, and Delivery. A goodly number of rhetorical systems were actually based on these <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔργα</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, in most part Cicero's and Quintilian's); others were based on the divisions of the discourse (<span lang="el" class="Greek">μόρια λόγου</span>). See K. Barwick, <i>Hermes</i> 57 (1922), 1 ff.; Friedrich Solmsen, <i>Amer. Journ. Philol.</i> 62 (1941), 35‑50<!--</A>JOURNAL:AJP:62-->, 169‑90<!--</A>JOURNAL:AJP:62-->. Our author conflates the two schemes he has inherited;
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p7x"></a>see especially 1.ii.3‑iii.4 <!--DO NOT LINK-->,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#1" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.i.1‑ii.2</a>, and the Introduction to the present volume,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/Introduction*.html#pxviii" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
p. xviii</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note10" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref10" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">10</a>
|
||
The concept goes back at least as far as Plato (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Phaedrus</i> 236<span class="small">A</span>); see Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 1.2 (1355<span class="small">B</span>), on finding artistic proofs.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note11" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">11</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τέχνη</span> (also <span lang="el" class="Greek">παιδεία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐπιστήμη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">μάθησις</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">scientia</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">doctrina</span>), <span lang="el" class="Greek">μίμησις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">γυμνασία</span> (also <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄσκησις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">μελέτη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐμπειρία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">συνήθεία</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">declamatio</span>). The usual triad, Nature (<span lang="el" class="Greek">φύσις</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">natura</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">ingenium</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">facultas</span>), Theory and Practice, can be traced back to Protagoras, Plato (<i>Phaedrus</i> 269<span class="small">D</span>), and Isocrates (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Antid.</i> 187<!-- ISOCRATES -->; <i>Adv. Soph.</i> 14‑18<!-- ISOCRATES -->, where Imitation is also included). <i>Cf.</i> also Aristotle in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/5/Aristotle*.html#18" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Diogenes Laertius 5.18</a>; Cicero,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#2" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>De Inv.</i> 1.i.2</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore1.shtml#14" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>De Oratore</i> 1.4.14</a>; Dionysius Halic. in Syrianus, <i>Scholia Hermog.</i>, ed. Rabe, 1.4‑5;
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/tacitus/tac.dialogus.shtml#33" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Tacitus, <i>Dialog. de Orator.</i>, ch. 33</a>;
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_liberis_educandis*.html#4" target="Plutarch" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Plutarch, <i>De liberis educ.</i> 4 (2<span class="small">A</span>)</a>; and see Paul Shorey, <i>Trans. Am. Philol. Assn.</i> 40 (1909), 185‑201<!--</A>JOURNAL:TAPA:40-->. Imitation is presumed to have been emphasized in the Pergamene school of rhetors under Stoic influence. Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3A*.html#5" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.5.1</a>, tells us that it was classed by some writers as a fourth element, which he yet subordinates to Theory. On Imitation <i>cf.</i> Antonius in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#89" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i> 2.21.89 ff.</a>; Dionysius Halic., <i>De Imitat.</i> (<i>Opuscula</i> 2.197‑217, ed. <span class="whole">Usener-Radermacher</span>);
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.20" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 10.1.20 ff.</a>; Eduard Stemplinger, <i>Das Plagiat in der Griech. Lit.</i>, Leipzig and Berlin, 1912, pp81 ff.; Kroll, "Rhetorik", coll. 1113 ff.; Paulus Otto, <i>Quaestiones selectae ad libellum qui est <span lang="el" class="Greek">περὶ ὕψους</span> spectantes</i>, diss. Kiel, 1906,
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p8x"></a> pp6‑19; G. C. Fiske, <i>Lucilius and Horace</i>, Madison, 1920, ch. 1; J. F. D'Alton, <i>Roman Literary Theory and Criticism</i>,
|
||
London, New York, and Toronto, 1931, pp426 ff.; Richard
|
||
McKeon, "Literary Criticism and the Concept of Imitation in Antiquity," <i>Mod. Philol.</i>
|
||
34, 1 (1936), 1‑35, and esp. pp26 ff.;
|
||
D. L. Clark, "Imitation: Theory and Practice in Roman
|
||
Rhetoric," <i>Quart. Journ. Speech</i> 37, 1 (1951), 11‑22. "Exercise" refers to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasmata</span>, of which our treatise and Cicero's <i>De Inv.</i> show the first traces in Latin rhetoric, and to the "<span lang="la" class="Latin">suasoriae</span>" (<span lang="la" class="Latin">deliberationes</span>) and "<span lang="la" class="Latin">controversiae</span>" (<span lang="la" class="Latin">causae</span>) in which the treatise abounds. See also
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xliv.58
|
||
</a>
|
||
(Refining). The divorce between <span lang="la" class="Latin">praeexercitamenta</span> and <span lang="la" class="Latin">exercitationes</span> belongs to the Augustan period.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note12" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref12" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">12</a>
|
||
The author's treatment of the parts of a discourse differs from that of Aristotle, who, in <i>Rhet.</i> 3.13 (1414<span class="small">A</span>) ff.,
|
||
discusses them — Proem, Statement of Facts, Proof, and Conclusion —
|
||
with all three kinds of oratory in view, not only the judicial, under
|
||
Arrangement. Note that Invention is applied
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p9x"></a> concretely to the parts of the discourse; in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xi.18 ff.
|
||
</a>
|
||
below the Issues are subjoined to Proof and Refutation. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#19" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xiv.19</a>. The Stoic scheme included Proem, Statement of Facts, Replies to Opponents, and Conclusion
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Zeno*.html#43" target="Diogenes_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
(Diogenes Laertius 7.43)</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note13" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref13" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">13</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πρασκευάζεται</span>. The concept is Isocratean. <i>Cf.</i> <i>Rhet. ad Alex.</i>, ch. 29 (1436<span class="small">A</span>); Dionysius Halic., <i>De Lys.</i> 17; Anon. Seg. 5 and 9 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].353‑4); Rufus 4 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].399); Anon., in Rabe, <i>Proleg. Sylloge</i>, p62.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note14" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">14</a>
|
||
This definition is translated directly from a Greek original; see Hermogenes, <i>Progymn.</i> 2 (ed. Rabe, p4), Syrianus, <i>Scholia Hermog.</i> (ed. Rabe 2.170), Theon 4 (Spengel 2.78). <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#27" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xix.27</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note15" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref15" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">15</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#34" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xxiv.34</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note16" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref16" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">16</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#78" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xlii.78</a> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">reprehensio</span>).
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note17" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">17</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πρόλογος</span>, probably.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note18" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref18" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">18</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔνδοξον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">παράδοξον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀμφίδοξον</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄδοξον</span>, the <span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα ὑποθέσεων</span>, later sometimes called <span lang="la" class="Latin">figurae materiarum</span> or <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversiarum</span>. The classification is on a moral basis. These <span lang="la" class="Latin">genera causarum</span> are not to be confused with the three <span lang="la" class="Latin">genera causarum</span> treated in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.ii.2
|
||
</a>
|
||
above. Most rhetoricians (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#20" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xv.20</a>) treated also a fifth kind, <span lang="la" class="Latin">obscurum</span> (<span lang="el" class="Greek">δυσπαρακολούθητον</span>), and some included six kinds (see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.40" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 4.1.40</a>). The division into four <span lang="el" class="Greek">σχήματα</span> is Hermagorean (<i>cf.</i> Augustine, <i>De Rhet.</i> 1.17 ff.<!--</A>AUGUSTINE:RHET-->, in Halm, pp147 ff.), and
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p11x"></a>here our author conflates Hermagorean doctrine with the <span class="whole">pre-Aristotelian</span> doctrine of the Proem; see Georg Thiele, <i>Hermagoras</i>, Strassburg, 1893, pp113‑121.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note19" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">19</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">προοίμιον</span>, "Prelude"; see Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 3.14 (1414<span class="small">B</span>),
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4A*.html#1.2" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 4.1.2 ff.</a>, Anon. Seg. 4, in <span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1(2).352‑3. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#20" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xv.20</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note20" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref20" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">20</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔφοδος</span>. The term is used in <i>Oxyr. Pap.</i> 3.27, in a rhetorical treatise of perhaps the beginning of the fourth century <span class="small">B.C.</span> In <i>Isaeus</i> 3, Dionysius Halic. comments on Isaeus' use of <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔφοδοι</span>. <i>Cf.</i> also Anon., in Rabe, <i>Proleg. Syll.</i>, p206, and Anon., <i>Proleg. Invent.</i>, in Walz 7(1).54.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note21" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref21" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">21</a>
|
||
The hearer is to be rendered <span lang="el" class="Greek">προσεκτικός</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">εὐμαθής</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">εὔνους</span>. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#22" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xvi.22‑3</a>. The doctrine is <span class="whole">pre-Aristotelian</span>; see, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Rhet. ad Alex.</i>, ch. 29 (1436<span class="small">A</span>), and <i>Epist. Socrat.</i> 30.4 on Isocrates. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 3.14 (1415<span class="small">A</span>), includes Receptiveness under Attention. Cicero,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'ut amice</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>Part. Orat.</i> 8.28</a>, gives three aims for the Direct Opening; <span lang="la" class="Latin">ut amice</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">ut
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p13x"></a>intellegenter</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">ut attente audiamur</span>. For the importance of Attention in <span class="whole">present-day</span> rhetoric, <i>cf.</i> J. A. Winans, <i>Public Speaking</i>,
|
||
New York, 1917, p194: "Persuasion is the process of inducing
|
||
others to give fair, favourable, or undivided attention to
|
||
propositions."
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note22" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref22" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">22</a>
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#9" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.vi.9 ff.</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note23" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">23</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <i>Rhet. ad Alex.</i>, ch. 29 (1437<span class="small">B</span>):
|
||
"If there is no prejudice against ourselves or our speech or our
|
||
subject, we shall set forth our Proposition immediately at the
|
||
beginning, appealing for attention and a benevolent hearing afterwards."
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note24" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">24</a>
|
||
So Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 3.14 (1415<span class="small">A</span>), and Anon. Seg. 7 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].353‑4): <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">τοῦ λέγοντος</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντιδίκου</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ τῶν ἀκροατῶν</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">δικαζόντων</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ τῶν πραγμάτων</span>. <i>Cf.</i> also
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#22" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xvi.22</a>. Here as throughout the first two books the author is dealing with judicial oratory.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note25" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">25</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πάθος</span>, here assigned to the Introduction, also has a place in the Conclusion; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xxx.48‑xxxi.50
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. Thus the
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p15x"></a>author accords with the early Greek rhetoric based on
|
||
the divisions of the discourse. Nowhere does he make a profound
|
||
analytical study of the emotions such as we find in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i>, Bk. <span class="small">II</span>. In Anon. Seg. 6 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].353)
|
||
are listed five emotions of the hearer which play a part in the
|
||
function of the Proem: pity, anger, fear, hate, and desire.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note26" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">26</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔχθρα</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">μῖσος</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">φθόνος</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ὀργή</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note27" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">27</a>
|
||
In
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#23" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xvii.23</a>, the Subtle Approach is specifically used in the <span lang="la" class="Latin">admirabile genus causae</span>. The three <span lang="la" class="Latin">causae</span> of Cicero correspond to the "occasions" classified by our author. Anon. Seg. 21 ff. (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span>
|
||
1[2].357 ff.) gives four occasions on which the Prooemion should
|
||
be dispensed with, and discusses the view that it must always be used.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note28" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">28</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#24" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xvii.24</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note29" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref29" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">29</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παραφθέγγεσθαι</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note30" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref30" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">30</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#25" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xvii.25</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note31" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">31</a>
|
||
See
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxix.40
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note32" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">32</a>
|
||
Note that humour enters the rhetorical system under the Introduction. Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 3.14 (1415<span class="small">A</span>),
|
||
also discusses the place of laughter in the Proem. This classification
|
||
of eighteen means of provoking laughter must have been a recent
|
||
accession to rhetorical theory; <i>cf.</i> the summary in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#248" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i> 2.61.248 ff.</a> On wit and humour in ancient rhetoric, see E. Arndt, <i>De ridiculi doctrina rhetorica</i>, Bonn, 1904;
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p19x"></a>Mary A. Grant, <i>The Ancient Rhetorical Theories of the Laughable</i>, Madison, 1924; and Wilhelm Kroll in P.‑W., art "Rhetorik," coll. 1076‑7. <i>Cf.</i> also Wilhelm Süss, <i>Neue Jahrb.</i> 23 (1920), 28‑45.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note33" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref33" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">33</a>
|
||
Of the adversary's argument, perhaps.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note34" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">34</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρὰ προσδοκίαν</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note35" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">35</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">λαθραίως δι’ ἑτέρων λόγων</span>. Anon., <i>Proleg. Invent.</i>, in Walz 7(1).54.14‑16, gives the same precept.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note36" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref36" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">36</a>
|
||
Anon. Seg. 19 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].356) makes the same point.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note37" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">37</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#26" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xviii.26</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note38" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref38" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">38</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διήγησις</span>. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#27" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xix.27</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note39" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref39" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">39</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διηγήσεις ἐπὶ κριτῶν λεγόμεναι</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note40" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref40" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">40</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διαβολή</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note41" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref41" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">41</a>
|
||
Incidental Narrative (<span lang="el" class="Greek">παραδιήγησις</span>); <i>cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/9B*.html#2.107" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 9.2.107</a>, and Anon. Seg. 61 (<span class="whole">Spengel-Hammer</span> 1[2].364‑5), who distinguishes it from Digression (<span lang="el" class="Greek">παρέκβασις</span>).
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note42" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref42" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">42</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">διηγήσεις καθ’ ἑαυτάς</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note43" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">43</a>
|
||
The reference is to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasmata</span> (<span lang="la" class="Latin">praeexercitamenta</span>). <span lang="la" class="Latin">Narratio</span> provided the first exercises imposed by the rhetor; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/2A*.html#4" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 2.4.1</a>, and Jean Cousin, <i>Études sur Quintilien</i>, Paris, 1936, 1.113.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note44" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref44" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">44</a>
|
||
According to <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ πράγματα</span> or <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ πρόσωπα</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note45" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">45</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μῦθος</span>, but see Cousin, <i>op. cit.</i>, 1.113, note 4. <i>Cf.</i> Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i> 9 (1451<span class="small">A</span>):
|
||
"The poet's function is to describe, not the things that actually have
|
||
happened, but the kind of things that might well happen — that are
|
||
possible in the sense of being either probable or inevitable." But it is
|
||
doubtless the miraculous element in tragedies that is here in mind; see
|
||
the example of <span lang="la" class="Latin">fabula</span> in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#27" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xix.27</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note46" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref46" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">46</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἱστορία</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note47" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">47</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πλάσμα</span>. <i>Cf.</i> <span lang="la" class="Latin">argumentum</span> (Presumptive Proof) in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#3" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.ii.3</a>, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">argumentatio</span> (argument) in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#2" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.ii.2
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note48" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref48" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">48</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">notatio</span> (Character Delineation),
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.l.63
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note49" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref49" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">49</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <!--
|
||
<A HREF="
|
||
https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/famuuu.shtml#uuu
|
||
"TARGET="offsite"
|
||
onMouseOver="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s Epistulae<BR>ad Familiares to that letter'+Lat2+LatSearch+'uuu</SPAN>.<BR>')"
|
||
onMouseOut="nd();">
|
||
-->Cicero, <i>Epist. ad Fam.</i> 51.2.4<!--</A>CICERO:FAMILIARES:uuu-->,
|
||
on writing history: "For nothing is so suited to the delight of the
|
||
reader as are shifting circumstances and the vicissitudes of fortune.<span class="emend">"</span> Concerning our author's doctrine of <span lang="la" class="Latin">narratio</span> as reflecting Hellenistic ideas on historiography and story writing, see
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p25x"></a>R. Reitzenstein, <i>Hellenistische Wundererzählungen</i>, Leipzig, 1906, pp84 ff., and for further interpretations of these sections dealing with <span lang="la" class="Latin">narratio</span> (and of
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#27" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xix.27</a>), Karl Barwick, <i>Hermes</i> 63, 3 (1928), 261‑87, and Friedrich Pfister, <i>Hermes</i> 68, 4 (1933), 457‑60.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note50" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref50" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">50</a>
|
||
The <span lang="la" class="Latin">narratio</span> is developed (<span lang="la" class="Latin">tractatio</span> = <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐξεργασία</span>) in the <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasmata</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note51" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref51" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">51</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συντομία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">σαφήνεια</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">πιθανότης</span>. The precept is Isocratean (see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4B*.html#2.31" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 4.2.31‑2</a>) or even older (see Octave Navarre, <i>Essai sur la rhétorique grecque avant Aristote</i>, Paris, 1900, p246). Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 3.16 (1416<span class="small">B</span>), scorns the injunction of brevity in favour of the "proper mean." <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#28" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xx.28</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note52" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">52</a>
|
||
Presented <span lang="el" class="Greek">κεφαλαιωδῶς</span>, not <span lang="el" class="Greek">μερικῶς</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note53" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref53" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">53</a>
|
||
Doxapatres (eleventh century), in Walz 2.230, gives the same example; it is doubtless Greek in origin.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note54" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">54</a>
|
||
The author of these iambic trimeters and the name of the comedy from which they come are both unknown. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/miles.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Plautus\' <I>Miles Gloriosus</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'heri Athenis</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Plautus, <i>Miles Gloriosus</i> 439</a>: <span lang="la" class="Latin">quae heri Athenis Ephesum adveni vesperi</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note55" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref55" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">55</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#29" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xx.29</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note56" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref56" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">56</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὑπερβατῶς</span>, in inverted order.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note57" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref57" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">57</a>
|
||
In
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#14" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.ix.14
|
||
</a>
|
||
above.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note58" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref58" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">58</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#29" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xxi.29‑30</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note59" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref59" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">59</a>
|
||
See
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note27" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 1.vi.9
|
||
</a>
|
||
above. Our author's doctrine of the Subtle Approach is Greek in origin,
|
||
although we know no specific Greek source for the three occasions. That
|
||
Cicero in <i>De Inv.</i> presents a like classification makes our author's
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p29x"></a>claim difficult to explain; see the Introduction to the present volume,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/Introduction*.html#his_own_innovation" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
pp. xxix‑xxx</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note60" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref60" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">60</a>
|
||
"Outlining of the case," the Analysis. <span lang="el" class="Greek">προκατασκευή</span>, a combination of <span lang="el" class="Greek">προέκθεσις</span> and <span lang="el" class="Greek">μερισμός</span>. In
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#31" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xxii.31‑xxiii.33</a>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">partitio</span>. <i>Cf.</i> the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">divisio</span>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#52" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xl.52
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note61" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref61" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">61</a>
|
||
Martianus Capella, 5.556<!--</A>CAPELLA5-->, makes the same point for the <span lang="la" class="Latin">partitio</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note62" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref62" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">62</a>
|
||
A favourite theme of the rhetoricians; <i>cf.</i> also
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xv.25 and 1.xvi.26
|
||
</a>
|
||
below, Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i>
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#18" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xiii.18‑xiv.19</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#21" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xxii.31</a>, Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3C*.html#11.4" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.11.4 ff.</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3A*.html#5.11" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.5.11</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7C*.html#4.8" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
7.4.8</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note63" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref63" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">63</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">distributio</span>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxxv.47</a>, and <span lang="la" class="Latin">distributio</span>, the Broken Tone of Debate,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/3*.html#23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.xiii.23
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note64" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref64" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">64</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> the <span lang="la" class="Latin">enumeratio</span> (Summing Up) of
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#47" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xxx.47
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/4C*.html#5.24" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.5.24</a>, praises Hortensius for the great pains he took with his
|
||
Partitions, "although Cicero often lightly mocks him for counting his
|
||
points on his fingers."
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note65" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref65" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">65</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἔκθεσις</span>. <i>Cf.</i> the <span lang="la" class="Latin">expositio</span> (Proposition of an argument) in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#32" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xx.32</a>, and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#note90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 2.xviii.28
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note66" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref66" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">66</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#217" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>Brutus</i> 60.217
|
||
</a>
|
||
on Curio: "His memory was so altogether wanting that at times when he
|
||
had announced three points he would add a fourth or miss the
|
||
third."
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note67" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">67</a>
|
||
See
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4A*.html#note37" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 4.vii.10
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note68" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref68" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">68</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">πίστις</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">κατασκευὴ<!-- sic --> κεφαλαίων</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note69" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref69" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">69</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀνασκευή</span>. In the <i>Rhet. ad Alex.</i>, ch. 7 (1428<span class="small">A</span>), Refutation is considered as one of seven subheads under Proof; see also ch. 13 (1431<span class="small">A</span>).
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note70" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref70" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">70</a>
|
||
I follow the practice, perhaps begun by Thomas Wilson, <i>Arte of Rhetorique</i> (first ed. 1553), ed. G. H. Mair, Oxford, 1910, p89, of translating <span lang="la" class="Latin">constitutio</span> (or <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span> [= <span lang="el" class="Greek">στάσις</span>], the term used by Cicero, except in <i>De Inv.</i>, and by most other rhetoricians) as "Issue." The <span lang="la" class="Latin">constitutio</span> (= <span lang="el" class="Greek">σύστασις</span>, most probably; see S. F. Bonner, <i>Class. Rev.</i> 61
|
||
[1947], 84‑6) is the conjoining of two conflicting statements, thus
|
||
forming the centre of the argument and determining the character of the
|
||
case; for a study of the meaning of <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span>; and of <span lang="la" class="Latin">constitutio</span> see A. O. L. Dieter, <i>Speech Monographs</i> 17, 4 (1950), 345‑69. Our author makes use of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span> system only for judicial oratory, the examples being drawn from both criminal and civil causes. Adumbrated in <span class="whole">pre-Aristotelian</span> rhetoric (where it was close to Attic procedure), as well as in Aristotle's <i>Rhetoric</i>,
|
||
it was developed principally by Hermagoras. Stoic and Aristotelian
|
||
dialectic exerted an influence in its evolution. The terminology and
|
||
Roman examples show that our author assimilated the Greek theory. His
|
||
system differs considerably from that of Hermagoras; see Kroehnert,
|
||
pp21 ff.;
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p33x"></a>Hermann Netzker, <i>Hermagoras, Cicero, Cornificius quae docuerint de "statibus"</i>,<!-- Loeb: comma inside the quote --> Kiel diss., 1879, and "Die <span lang="la" class="Latin">constitutio legitima</span> des Cornificius," <i>Neue Jahrbücher</i> 133 (1886), 411‑16; Heinrich Weber, <i>Ueber die Quellen der Rhet. ad Her. des Cornificius</i>, Zurich diss., 1886; Thiele, <i>Hermagoras</i>; Walter Jaeneke, <i>De statuum doctrina ab Hermogene tradita</i>, Leipzig, 1904; Claus Peters, <i>De rationibus inter artem rhetoricam quarti et primi saeculi intercedentibus</i>, Kiel diss., 1907, pp10 ff.; Kroll in P.‑W., art. "Rhetorik," coll. 1090‑5. Cicero's system in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#10" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>De Inv.</i> 1.viii.10 ff.
|
||
</a>
|
||
differs from that of our author. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3B*.html#6" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 3.6.1 ff.
|
||
</a>
|
||
Most critics see our author as a follower of Marcus Antonius in his system of <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span> <i>cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3B*.html#6.45" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 3.6.45 ff.
|
||
</a>
|
||
(note that <span lang="la" class="Latin">legalis</span>, not <span lang="la" class="Latin">legitimus</span> is the term used for the "Legal" Issue by the followers of Antonius), and Kroehnert, <i>loc. cit.</i> Modern students of Roman Law for the most part think that from the juristic point of view, as against the rhetorical, the <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span> system was <span class="whole">over-intricate</span> and impractical; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 2.xiii.19
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note71" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref71" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">71</a>
|
||
Hermagoras taught four Types of Issue; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on Transference, 1.xi.19</a>, below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note72" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref72" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">72</a>
|
||
See Introduction,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/Introduction*.html#just_a_student_maybe" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
pp. xxi ff.</a>, esp. <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/Introduction*.html#lecture_notes" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">p. xxiii</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note73" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref73" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">73</a>
|
||
For the spelling <span lang="la" class="Latin">iuridicalis</span> see Stroebel, <i>Tulliana</i>, p20.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note74" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref74" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">74</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">στοχασμός</span>. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#11" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.viii.11</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note75" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref75" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">75</a>
|
||
See the <span lang="la" class="Latin">progymnasma</span> in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#28" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xviii.28‑xix.30
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. Resenting the award of the arms of Achilles to Ulysses, Ajax goes
|
||
mad and slaughters a flock of sheep, thinking them his enemies. <i>Cf.</i> Hermogenes, <i>De Stat.</i> 3
|
||
(ed. Rabe, pp49 and 54): A man is discovered burying in a
|
||
lonely place the body of a person recently slain, and is charged with
|
||
murder; Fortunatianus 1.6 (Halm, p85) and 1.8 (Halm, p87).
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note76" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref76" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">76</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">στάσις νομική</span>. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#17" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xiii.17</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note77" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref77" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">77</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">στάσις κατὰ ῥητὸν καὶ διάνοιαν</span>. <i>Cf.</i> the <span lang="la" class="Latin">sententia</span> (Maxim) of
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xvii.24
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note78" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref78" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">78</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντινομία</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note79" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref79" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">79</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀμφιβολία</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note80" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref80" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">80</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ὅρος</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note81" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">81</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάληψις</span>. Procedural in nature. <i>Cf.</i> <span lang="la" class="Latin">translatio criminis</span>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xiv.24</a>, and the figure <span lang="la" class="Latin">translatio</span>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxxiv.45
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. Hermagoras was the first to enter this among the Types of Issue; see
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#16" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xi.16</a>, and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3B*.html#6.60" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 3.6.60</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note82" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref82" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">82</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συλλογισμός</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note83" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref83" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">83</a>
|
||
This <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> is of Greek origin; <i>cf.</i> Hermogenes, <i>De Stat.</i> 2 (ed. Rabe, p41), Fortunatianus 1.26 (Halm, pp100 f.) and
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#153" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.li.153</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note84" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref84" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">84</a>
|
||
On the importance of this type of rhetorical discussion for juristic theory see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#note54" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
note on 2.xiii.19
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note85" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref85" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">85</a>
|
||
Doubtless the law of C. Servilius Glaucia <span lang="la" class="Latin">de pecuniis repetundis</span> (111 <span class="small">B.C.</span>).
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note86" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref86" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">86</a>
|
||
The law of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus <span lang="la" class="Latin">de sacerdotiis</span> passed in 104 <span class="small">B.C.</span> and repealed by Sulla in (?) 81 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, is here indicated.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note87" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref87" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">87</a>
|
||
When specifically the case came up we do not know; Marx, <i>Proleg.</i>, p108, conjectures <i>c.</i> 100 <span class="small">B.C.</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note88" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref88" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">88</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#116" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.xl.116</a>;
|
||
Lucilius 16.552‑3<!--</A>LUCILIUS-->.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note89" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">89</a>
|
||
At the Comitia; over these the voters passed in single file to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">saepta</span> in the Campus Martius to deposit their votes.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note90" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref90" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">90</a>
|
||
Probably in his second tribunate in 100 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, L. Appuleius Saturninus proposed his law fixing the fee for grain at five-sixths of an <span lang="la" class="Latin">as</span> (for a <span lang="la" class="Latin">modius</span>); the <span lang="la" class="Latin">lex Sempronia frumentaria</span> of 123
|
||
had set the price at almost eight times that amount. It is uncertain
|
||
whether the bill passed. Caepio was in 99 <span class="small">B.C.</span> charged with treason, but was acquitted. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.xii.17
|
||
</a>
|
||
(the supposed defence by Caepio), and for Saturninus
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxii.31
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#67" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.liv.67</a>. This Q. Servilius Caepio was the son of the Q. Servilius Caepio referred to in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#24" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xiv.24
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note91" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref91" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">91</a>
|
||
Literally, what constitutes "impairing the sovereign majesty" of the state. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.xii.17
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#35" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxv.35
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. The <span lang="la" class="Latin">crimen maiestatis minutae</span> was invented probably in 103 <span class="small">B.C.</span>; the <span lang="la" class="Latin">Lex Appuleia de maiestate</span> attempted to define
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p39x"></a>the offence. See Hugh Last, <i>Camb. Anc. History</i> 9.160‑1. <i>Cf.</i> Antonius on the trial of Norbanus (95 <span class="small">B.C.</span>) in Cicero, <i>De Oratore</i>
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#107" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.25.107 ff.</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/oratore2.shtml#164" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.39.164</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note92" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref92" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">92</a>
|
||
<span class="whole">Anglo-American</span> procedure has no specific analogue to the term <span lang="la" class="Latin">translatio</span> as here defined, nor indeed was this <span lang="la" class="Latin">status</span> suited to Roman juristic procedure. See Theodor Schwalbach, <i>Zeitschr. der <span class="whole">Savigny-Stiftung</span> für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanist. Abt.</i>, 2 (1881), 209‑32; Moriz Wlassak, <i>Der Ursprung der römischen Einrede</i> (Festschr. Leopold Pfaff, Vienna, 1910, pp12 ff.; and Artur Steinwenter, <i>Sav. Zeitschr.</i> 65 (1947), 69‑120, esp. p81, and pp104‑5. Note also <span lang="la" class="Latin">raro venit in iudicium</span> below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note93" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref93" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">93</a>
|
||
The Romans in the preliminary proceedings before the magistrate, where
|
||
the issue is defined; the Greeks in the actual trial before the judge.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note94" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref94" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">94</a>
|
||
Despite the alteration, the source of this <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> may originally have been Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 1.13 (1374<span class="small">A</span>):
|
||
"It often happens that a man may admit . . . theft, but not
|
||
that the act was sacrilege (on the ground that the thing stolen was not
|
||
the property of a god)." <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#11" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.viii.11</a>; Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3B*.html#6.41" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
3.6.41
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5B*.html#10.39" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
5.10.39</a>; Hermogenes, <i>De Stat.</i> 2 (ed. Rabe, p37) and 4 (ed. Rabe, p62); Sopater, in Walz 8.102‑5; also Rabe, <i>Proleg. Syll.</i>, pp218, 253, and 336. On <span lang="la" class="Latin">peculatus publicus</span> see Mommsen, pp764 ff.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note95" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref95" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">95</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> Victorinus, in Halm, p276.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note96" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref96" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">96</a>
|
||
These counterpleas accepted by the praetor allege new states of fact or of law; although the defendant accepts the <span lang="la" class="Latin">intentio</span> in the plaintiff's <span lang="la" class="Latin">formula</span>, he urges the praetor to permit the insertion of an <span lang="la" class="Latin">exceptio</span> in the <span lang="la" class="Latin">formula</span>. See
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p41x"></a>A. H. J. Greenidge, <i>The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time</i>, Oxford, 1901, pp178‑181, 229‑235; E. Rabel, <i>Sav. Zeitschr.</i> 32 (1911), 413‑23; Leopold Wenger, <i>Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure</i>, tr. O. H. Fisk, New York, 1940, pp155 ff. <i>Cf.</i> Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#10" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">1.vii.10
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#57" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xix.57‑xx.61</a>. Cicero in <i>De Inv.</i>
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#57" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
(2.xix.57)
|
||
</a>
|
||
and our author supply the first references to the <span lang="la" class="Latin">exceptio</span> in extant literature. See Friedrich von Velsen, <i>Sav. Zeitschr.</i> 21 (1900), 104‑5.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note97" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref97" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">97</a>
|
||
<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante05/LegesXII/leg_ta05.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>Twelve Tables</i> 5.7a</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note98" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref98" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">98</a>
|
||
Marx (<i>Proleg.</i>, p107; see also R. Reitzenstein, <i>Gnomon</i> 5 [1929], 605‑6) affirms, and Mommsen (p643, note 6) denies, the genuineness of this law; it is omitted in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#148" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.l.148</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note99" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref99" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">99</a>
|
||
<a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante05/LegesXII/leg_ta05.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>Twelve Tables</i> 5.3</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note100" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref100" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">100</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lsante05/LegesXII/leg_ta05.html" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Twelve Tables</i> 5.4‑5</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note101" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref101" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">101</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#149" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.l.149</a>, and on this (ritualistic) form of punishment Mommsen, pp921‑3; Alfred Pernice, <i>Sav. Zeitschr.</i> 17 (1896), 210 ff.; Max Radin, <i>Journ. Rom. Studies</i> 10 (1920), 119‑30<!--</A>JOURNAL:JRS:10-->; Rudolf Düll, <i>Atti del Congr. Internaz. di <a id="p43x"></a>Diritto Rom.</i> (Roma), Pavia, 1935, 2.363‑408. According to
|
||
<a href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/livy/livy-periochae-66-70/#68.1" target="Livius" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,toLivius,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Livy, <i>Periochae</i> 68</a>, Malleolus was the first (101 <span class="small">B.C.</span>) to suffer this punishment.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note102" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref102" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">102</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">στάσις δικαιολογική</span>. <i>Cf.</i> Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#15" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">1.xi.15</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#69" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xxiii.69 ff.</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note103" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref103" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">103</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατ’ ἀντίληψιν</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note104" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref104" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">104</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατ’ ἀντίθεσιν</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note105" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref105" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">105</a>
|
||
The mime was condemned; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#19" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xiii.19
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. This type of <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> is Greek in origin; <i>cf.</i> Hermogenes, <i>De Stat.</i> 11, ed<span class="emend">.</span> Rabe, pp88‑9 (but belonging to the subtype of Legal Issue based on Analogy; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xiii.23
|
||
</a>
|
||
above), and Sopater, in Walz 8.383‑4. See also Sulpitius Victor 39, in Halm, p337.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note106" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref106" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">106</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">συγγνώμη</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note107" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref107" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">107</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">μετάστασις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note108" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref108" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">108</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντέγκλημα</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note109" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref109" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">109</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀντίστασις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note110" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref110" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">110</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#23" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">2.xvi.23
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#43" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xxvii.43
|
||
</a>
|
||
below, and
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#15" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xi.15</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note111" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref111" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">111</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κάθαρσις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note112" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref112" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">112</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">παραίτησις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note113" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref113" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">113</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἐκ προνοίας</span>. Voluntary acts = <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ ἑκούσια</span>, involuntary = <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὰ ἀκούσια</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note114" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref114" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">114</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄγνοια</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note115" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref115" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">115</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">τύχη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀτυχία</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀτύχημα</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note116" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref116" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">116</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἄνάγκη</span>, <span lang="el" class="Greek">βία</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note117" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref117" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">117</a>
|
||
In 105 <span class="small">B.C.</span>, Q. Servilius
|
||
Caepio, through his failure to coöperate with his colleague Mallius,
|
||
brought upon the army a disastrous defeat at Arausio at the hands of the
|
||
Cimbri, Teutones, and their allies. Caepio's proconsular <span lang="la" class="Latin">imperium</span> was abrogated, and by the motion of the <span lang="la" class="Latin">tribunus plebis</span>, L. Cassius Longinus, he lost senatorial rank (104 <span class="small">B.C.</span>). Cicero,
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/brut.shtml#135" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>Brutus</i> 35.135</a>, says of Caepio that the fortunes of war were imputed to him as a crime.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note118" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref118" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">118</a>
|
||
Manumitted, the slave was answerable for his crime to the courts, and not subject to domestic punishment. The <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> is doubtless Greek in origin. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7C*.html#4.14" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 7.4.14</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note119" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref119" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">119</a>
|
||
The <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> is Greek in origin; the like situation is presented in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#96" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>De Inv.</i> 2.xxxi.96</a>. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7C*.html#4.14" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">Quintilian, 7.4.14</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note120" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref120" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">120</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#104" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.xxxiv.104</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note121" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref121" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">121</a>
|
||
The court was obliged to render a verdict strictly on the law, and could not lessen the punishment. See also Quintilian,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/5D*.html#13.5" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
5.13.5
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/7C*.html#4.17" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
7.4.17 ff.</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note122" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref122" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">122</a>
|
||
Especially that of a magistrate; <i>cf.</i> Mommsen, pp149 f. and note 5, and Wenger, <i>Institutes of the Roman Law of Civil Procedure</i>, p32.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note123" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref123" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">123</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">1.x.17
|
||
</a>
|
||
above, and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#26" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xvi.26
|
||
</a>
|
||
below.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note124" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref124" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">124</a>
|
||
P. Sulpicius Rufus was among those proscribed by Sulla in 88 <span class="small">B.C.</span>
|
||
Pursued by Sulla's horsemen, he took refuge in a villa at Laurentum,
|
||
where he was betrayed by a slave and murdered. His head was exhibited on
|
||
the rostra. The slave was set free by Sulla's orders and then hurled
|
||
down the Tarpeian Rock. <i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/1*.html#7.60" target="Appian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,Appian,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">Appian, <i>Bell. Civil.</i> 1.7.60</a>:
|
||
"[Sulpicius and others] had been voted enemies of Rome, and anyone who
|
||
came upon them had been authorized to kill them with impunity or to
|
||
bring them before the consuls [Cornelius Sulla and Quintus Pompeius]."
|
||
Velleius Paterculus,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B*.html#19" target="Velleius_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,EPlusL,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.19</a>, says that Sulpicius and his followers were declared exiles by formal decree (<span lang="la" class="Latin">lege lata</span>). It was forbidden to bury Sulpicius' body; see
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#31" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxii.31
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. If this <span lang="la" class="Latin">controversia</span> was not
|
||
merely a school exercise, and the murderer was actually called to
|
||
account, that may have been in the year 87, when Sulpicius' party
|
||
again came into power. See the notes on
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note11" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xiv.20</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note89" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
xxiv.33</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note114" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
xxviii.38</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#note161" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
xxxiv.45</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4C*.html#note81" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
lii.65</a>, and also
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/2*.html#45" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
2.xxviii.45</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note125" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref125" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">125</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione2.shtml#72" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 2.xxiv.72</a>. According to the historians, after L. Cassius Longinus in the war against the
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p49x"></a>Cimbri and their allies fell (in 107 <span class="small">B.C.</span>)
|
||
at the hands of the Tigurini in Gaul, C. Popilius Laenas, legate,
|
||
made a pact: the Roman survivors would, in return for hostages and half
|
||
of their possessions, leave in safety. The Roman band went under the
|
||
yoke of the Tigurini.<a class="ref" id="ref:passing_under_the_yoke" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#note:passing_under_the_yoke" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,MyNote,WIDTH,150)" onmouseout="nd();">a</a>
|
||
No mention is here made of the hostages nor of passing under the yoke,
|
||
nor does the amount of the baggage agree precisely with that in the
|
||
historical accounts. The charge of treason was made in 106 by the
|
||
tribune C. Caelius Caldus; a fragment of the defence appears
|
||
in
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/4B*.html#34" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,0,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
4.xxiv.34
|
||
</a>
|
||
below. Popilius went into exile, but perhaps after a later trial under Saturninus' law of treason of 103 <span class="small">B.C.</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note126" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref126" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">126</a>
|
||
<span lang="la" class="Latin">Ratio</span> = <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ συνέχον</span>, <span lang="la" class="Latin">firmamentum</span> = <span lang="el" class="Greek">τὸ αἴτιον</span>. Cicero misconstrued <span lang="la" class="Latin">firmamentum</span> in
|
||
<a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#19" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
<i>De Inv.</i> 1.xiv.19</a>; <i>cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/partitione.shtml" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(EClickHere+'Cicero\'s<BR><I>De Partitione Oratoria</I>'+Lat2+LatSearch+'firmamentum</SPAN>',WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();"><i>Part. Orat.</i> 29.103</a>,
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/3C*.html#11.19" target="Quintilian_E" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Quintilian, 3.11.19</a>, Volkmann, pp100‑108, Thiele, <i>Hermagoras</i>, pp67‑78, Jaeneke, <i>De statuum doctrina ab Hermogene tradita</i>, p111.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note127" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref127" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">127</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#17" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">1.x.17
|
||
</a>
|
||
and
|
||
<a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#25" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,5,WIDTH,140)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
1.xv.25
|
||
</a>
|
||
above.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note128" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref128" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">128</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> in Aristotle, <i>Rhet.</i> 2.23 (1397<span class="small">AB</span>), the third of the 28 <span class="translit_Greek">topoi</span> from which to draw enthymemes, the <span class="translit_Greek">topos</span>
|
||
from correlative terms: "And if 'well' or 'justly' is true of the
|
||
person to whom a thing is done, you may argue that it is true of the
|
||
doer. But here the argument may be fallacious; for, granting that the
|
||
man deserved what he got, it does not
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a id="p51x"></a>follow that he deserved it from you" (tr. Lane Cooper), and in 2.24 (1401<span class="small">B</span>), the fallacy of omission illustrated by the argument in Theodectes' <i>Orestes</i>. For the argument as used in other Greek tragedies, <i>cf.</i> Tyndareüs in Euripides, <i>Orestes</i> 538‑9:
|
||
"My daughter, dying, paid her debt to justice, but that she died at his
|
||
hand was not meet," and Castor, addressing Orestes in <i>Electra</i> 1244: "Your mother now has but justice, but your deed is not just."
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note129" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref129" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">129</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κρινόμενον</span>, Hermagorean doctrine.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note130" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref130" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">130</a>
|
||
<i>Cf.</i> <a href="https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/inventione1.shtml#19" target="offsite" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,LatinRef2,WIDTH,195)" onmouseout="nd();">Cicero, <i>De Inv.</i> 1.xiv.19</a>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note131" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref131" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">131</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">κατάφασις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><p class="ivy">❦</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note132" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref132" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">132</a>
|
||
<span lang="el" class="Greek">ἀπόφασις</span>.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</p><hr class="endnotes"><a id="endnotes_T"></a>
|
||
<h2>
|
||
Thayer's Note:
|
||
</h2>
|
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|
||
|
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<p class="justify">
|
||
<a class="note" id="note:passing_under_the_yoke" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Rhetorica_ad_Herennium/1*.html#ref:passing_under_the_yoke" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,BackRef,WIDTH,175)" onmouseout="nd();">a</a>
|
||
<a id="note"></a>
|
||
For "passing under the yoke", see the last paragraph of the article
|
||
<a class="smallcaps" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Jugum.html#slavery" target="princeps" onmouseover="return Ebox(INARRAY,1,WIDTH,165)" onmouseout="nd();">
|
||
Jugum
|
||
</a>
|
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in Smith's <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i> and my note there.
|
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